Del Mar Photonics - Femtosecond Lasers for Optical Memory
Del Mar Photonics participates in Optical Memory and Optical Data Storage 2008
The Joint International Symposium on Optical Memory and Optical Data Storage 2008 (ISOM/ODS 2008) will be held on "The Big Island" of Hawaii 13-17 July 2008.
ISOM/ODS Program details:
Dates: Monday-Thursday 14 - 17 July 2008
Part of program track on ISOM/ODS
Conference Chairs
Kevin R. Curtis, InPhase Technologies; Luping Shi, National Univ. of
Singapore/Data Storage Institute (Singapore); Haruki Tokumaru, NHK Science &
Technical Research Labs. (Japan)
Monday 14 July
Opening Remarks
Date: Monday 14 July
Time: 8:45 AM - 9:00 AM
Session Chairs: Tim Rausch, Seagate Technology LLC; Kimihiro Saito, Sony Corp.
(Japan); Koichi Ogawa, The Univ. of Tokyo (Japan); Itaru Fujimura, Ricoh Co.,
Ltd. (Japan)
Session MA: Keynote Session
Date: Monday 14 July
Time: 9:00 AM - 10:00 AM
Session Chairs: Kevin R. Curtis, InPhase Technologies Inc.; Haruki Tokumaru, NHK
Science & Technical Research Labs. (Japan)
Nanophotonics and application to future storage technology (Invited Paper)
Paper TD05-1
Author(s): Motoichi Ohtsu, Univ. of Tokyo (Japan)
This paper describes the principles and history of nanophotonics, which utilizes
the energy transfer of a virtual exciton–polariton. The true nature of this
field of study is to realize "qualitative innovation" in optical technology,
including photonic devices, fabrications, and information storage. Application
to optical near-field magnetic-hybrid recording at a 1-Tb/inch2 density is
reviewed. For the future development of storage technology, two directions are
proposed: one follows the technical roadmap to increase the storage density to
1-Pb/inch2 utilizing nanophotonic devices, while the other deviates from the
roadmap. High-security information transfer is one example of the latter.
Femtosecond Lasers for Optical Memory
Can future storage technologies benefit from existing or emerging nano-tools
and techniques? (Invited Paper)
Paper TD05-2
Author(s): Masud Mansuripur, College of Optical Sciences/The Univ. of Arizona
Certain ideas and techniques are being developed outside the field of
optical/magnetic/electronic recording, but the storage community could benefit
from these developments once we become sufficiently familiar with the new
concepts and methodologies. Aside from nano-photonics, which is the subject of
Professor Ohtsu's keynote address, developments in the areas of bio-photonics,
fluorescence microscopy, quantum-dots, optical tweezers, micro- and nano-fluidic
systems, femto-second fiber lasers, etc., have the potential to influence future
generations of data storage systems.
Femtosecond Lasers for Optical Memory
Session MB: 3D Storage
Date: Monday 14 July
Time: 10:30 AM - 12:30 PM
Session Chairs: Kimihiro Saito, Sony Corp. (Japan); Yoshimasa Kawata, Shizuoka
Univ. (Japan)
Terabyte recorded in two-photon 3D disk (Invited Paper)
Paper TD05-3
Author(s): Edwin P. Walker, Call/Recall, Inc.; Alexander S. Dvornikov,
Call/Recall, Inc. and Univ. of California/Irvine; Kenneth D. Coblentz,
Call/Recall, Inc.; Peter M. Rentzepis, Univ. of California/Irvine
1TB has been recorded in 200 layers in one of our two-photon 120mm diameter x
1.2mm thick form factor 3D disks utilizing our very stable and efficient
two-photon materials. Each layer contains 5GB of information.
Femtosecond Lasers for Optical Memory
Multi-layer 400 GB optical disk
Paper TD05-4
Author(s): Ayumi Mitsumori, Takanobu Higuchi, Takuma Yanagisawa, Masakazu
Ogasawara, Satoru Tanaka, Tetsuya Iida, Pioneer Corp. (Japan)
We confirmed the feasibility of a multi-layer 400 GB optical ROM disk by using a
wide range spherical aberration compensator and low absorption reflective
materials.
Micro-holographic storage and threshold holographic recording materials (Invited
Paper)
Paper TD05-6
Author(s): Brian L. Lawrence, Victor P. Ostroverkhov, Xiaolei Shi, Kathryn L.
Longley, Eugene P. Boden, GE Global Research
The limits of micro-holographic storage using standard holographic materials are
demonstrated. New threshold holographic materials are being developed to
overcome these limits, and preliminary threshold micro-hologram recording
results are presented.
Direct servo error signal detection method from recorded micro-reflectors
Paper TD05-7
Author(s): Hirotaka Miyamoto, Hisayuki Yamatsu, Kimihiro Saito, Norihiro Tanabe,
Toshihiro Horigome, Goro Fujita, Seiji Kobayashi, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Sony Corp.
(Japan)
A novel tracking servo error signal detection method for a micro-reflector drive
is proposed. The method realizes better performance regarding recording medium
interchangeability.
Microholographic data storage towards dynamic disk recording
Paper TD05-8
Author(s): Susanna Orlic, Enrico Dietz, Sven Frohmann, Jonas Gortner, Alan
Guenther, Jens Rass, Technische Univ. Berlin (Germany)
Dynamic recording of microholographic reflection gratings is reported. The
current development status and operation of our microholographic drive system is
presented.
Three-dimensional recording with electrical beam control
Paper TD05-9
Author(s): Ryuichi Katayama, Shin Tominaga, Yuichi Komatsu, Mizuho Tomiyama, NEC
Corp. (Japan)
A concept of an optical storage system without mechanics having high-reliability
and low-power-consumption characteristics was proposed and demonstrated by using
liquid crystal beam control elements.
Lunch Break 12:30 PM - 2:00 PM
SESSION MP: Poster Session I
Date: Monday 14 July
Time: 2:00 PM - 3:30 PM
Session Chairs: Luping Shi, National Univ. of Singapore/Data Storage Institute
(Singapore); Takashi Kikukawa, TDK Corp. (Japan); Yun-Sup Shin, LG Electronics
Inc. (South Korea)
Properties of new fluorinated holographic recording material for collinear
holography
Paper TD05-60
Author(s): Kazuyuki Satoh, Daikin Industries, Ltd. (Japan) and Toyohashi Univ.
of Technology (Japan); Kazuko Aoki, Makoto Hanazawa, Nami Matsuda, Takashi
Kanemura, Daikin Industries, Ltd. (Japan); Pang-Boey Lim, Mitsuteru Inoue,
Toyohashi Univ. of Technology (Japan)
This paper reports the evaluation results of the properties of a new fluorinated
holographic recording material for Collinear Holography.
Holographic recording with blue colorated diarylethene dye doped PMMA
Paper TD05-61
Author(s): Xinan Liang, Xuewu Xu, Minghua Li, Sanjeev Solanki, Minghui Hong,
Chong-Tow Chong, Data Storage Institute (Singapore)
Blue light illuminated diarylethene dye B1536 doped PMMA were investigated for
holographic recording. High sensitivity and refractive index change were
achieved.
ZrO2 nanoparticle-polymer composite media for volume holographic recording
Paper TD05-62
Author(s): Toshihiro Nakamura, Sokoh Koda, Kohji Ohmura, Yasuo Tomita, The Univ.
of Electro-Communications (Japan); Kentaro Ohmori, Motohiko Hidaka, Nissan
Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Japan)
Volume holographic recording in highly transparent zirconia nanoparticle-polymer
composite media is described. Recording sensitivity enhancement and hologram
multiplexing are also presented.
Improved photopolymer for holographic data storage
Paper TD05-63
Author(s): Yuxia Zhao, Xiaojun Wan, Feipeng Wu, Technical Institute of Physics
and Chemistry (China); Huanyong Wang, Pengfei Liu, Shiquan Tao, Beijing Univ. of
Technology (China)
Improved photopolymer for holographic data storage containing a novel broad-band
absorption photosensitizer was developed for both 457 nm and 532 nm application.
Holographic correlator for video image files
Paper TD05-64
Author(s): Eriko Watanabe, Reiko Akiyama, Kashiko Kodate, Japan Women's Univ.
(Japan)
We have proposed a video identification system using holographic correlator.
Taking advantage of fast data processing capability of FARCO, we examined high
speed recognition system by registering the optimized video image file. We
demonstrate that the processing speed of our optical holographic calculation is
remarkably higher than that of the conventional digital signal processing
architecture.
Polarization and random phase modulated reference beam for high-density
holographic recording with 2D shift-multiplexing
Paper TD05-65
Author(s): Sanjeev Solanki, Xuewu Xu, Minghua Li, Xinan Liang, Chong-Tow Chong,
Data Storage Institute (Singapore)
Shift-multiplexing with polarization modulated reference beam is reported with
recording of 4kbits data with media shift of 1/2.5 micron along x/y axis.
Rotational random phase multiplexing
Paper TD05-66
Author(s): Shih-Hsin Ma, Xuan-Hao Lee, Ye-Wei Yu, Tun-Chien Teng, Ching-Cherng
Sun, National Central Univ. (Taiwan)
An out-of-plane rotational random phase multiplexing is proposed. The rotational
sensitivity is enhanced and can be tuned over a large range.
Parallel realization of two-dimensional discrete Walsh transform in volume
holographic storage system
Paper TD05-67
Author(s): Qiang Ma, Kai Ni, Qingsheng He, Liangcai Cao, Guofan Jin, Tsinghua
Univ. (China)
As an application of the volume holographic storage system, a method that can
parallelly perform 2D discrete Walsh transform is theoretically and
experimentally described.
Phase-only correlation for high speed image retrieval in holographic memories
Paper TD05-68
Author(s): Satoshi Honma, Akiyoshi Katsumata, Univ. of Yamanashi (Japan); Tohru
Sekiguchi, NEC Corp. (Japan); Shinzo Muto, Univ. of Yamanashi (Japan)
We focus on that it is possible to record the phase distribution in the
holographic memories and propose a new image matching system..
Selective erasure of multiplexed holograms using beam amplification by
mutually-pumped phase conjugate mirror
Paper TD05-69
Author(s): Takayuki Sano, Atsushi Okamoto, Hokkaido Univ. (Japan); Kunihiro
Sato, Hokkai-Gakuen Univ. (Japan)
We propose a novel selective erasure using MPPCM. We show the effective
selective erasure can be realized by amplified phase conjugate beams due to
MPPCM.
Spatial resolution of phase-modulated signal detection method using
photorefractive two-wave mixing for holographic data storage
Paper TD05-70
Author(s): Masanori Takabayashi, Atsushi Okamoto, Hokkaido Univ. (Japan)
A spatial resolution of the phase-modulated signal detection using
photorefractive two-wave mixing is considered. We confirmed the operation of a
few hundreds micrometers of pixel.
Micro-integrated r/w-head for WORM-type holographic data storage
Paper TD05-71
Author(s): Matthias Gruber, Udo Vieth, Univ. of Hagen (Germany)
The micro-integration of setups for write-once-read-many-type volume holographic
data storage is discussed and a particular r/w-head architecture based on planar
integration is proposed.
Simulation technique for diffraction efficiency characteristics in holographic
data storage system based on FFT-BPM
Paper TD05-72
Author(s): Junya Tanaka, Atsushi Okamoto, Motoki Kitano, Hokkaido Univ. (Japan)
We propose a new simulation method based on FFT-BPM to analyze for diffraction
efficiency characteristics in holographic data storage system and visualize an
angular selectivity.
Numerical simulation of retrieving characteristics in holographic data storage
by two-wave encryption
Paper TD05-73
Author(s): Motoki Kitano, Atsushi Okamoto, Takayuki Sano, Hokkaido Univ. (Japan)
We estimate the effective key space and the shift tolerance to the random phase
mask in two-wave encryption and discuss the security and the practicality.
Analysis of diffraction characteristics of photopolymers by using beam
propagation method
Paper TD05-74
Author(s): Shuhei Yoshida, Manabu Yamamoto, Tokyo Univ. of Science (Japan)
In this study, we simulated formation of holographic grating in photopolymer
based on diffusion model, and analyzed diffraction characteristics by using beam
propagation method.
Modeling and detection of linear and threshold microholograms
Paper TD05-75
Author(s): Fergus J. Ross, Victor P. Ostroverkhov, Xiaolei Shi, Kenods Welles,
Brian L. Lawrence, GE Global Research
Linear and threshold material microholographic storage tradeoffs are
investigated by simulation. Kogelnik’s plane-wave diffraction formula at
thickness Zo/2 accurately predicts microholographic diffraction efficiency.
Optical characterization of photopolymer materials for microholographic data
storage
Paper TD05-76
Author(s): Timo Feid, Enrico Dietz, Sven Frohmann, Christian Mueller, Jens Rass,
Susanna Orlic, Technische Univ. Berlin (Germany)
Different photopolymer materials are investigated for microholographic
storage to optimize the interaction between the material itself and the
write/read system. Media tester system is presented.
Data recovery from severely damaged optical media using wavelet transforms
Paper TD05-77
Author(s): Swetha Kannan, Y. Li, Sashi K. Kasanavesi, Pramod K. Khulbe, Tom D.
Milster, Warren L. Bletscher, Delbert Hansen, College of Optical Sciences/The
Univ. of Arizona
Wavelet-transform-based algorithms are developed that increase by at least a
factor of two the quality of the recovered signals from badly damaged media.
Laser diode feedback signal for position sensing using self-mixing interference
Paper TD05-78
Author(s): Meng-Yen Tsai, Tzong-Shi Liu, National Chiao Tung Univ. (Taiwan);
Tuviah E. Schlesinger, Carnegie Mellon Univ.
We utilize laser diode (LD) package as sensor mounted on DVD pickup. Smaller
rotation driven by tilting coil in DVD pickup makes feedback signal distinct.
High resolution semiconductor inspection by using solid immersion lenses
Paper TD05-79
Author(s): Jun Zhang, College of Optical Sciences/The Univ. of Arizona; Yullin
Kim, Infrared Labs., Inc.; Thomas D. Milster, College of Optical Sciences/The
Univ. of Arizona; David M. Dozor, Infrared Labs., Inc.
A subsurface (100µm) microscope is presented with NA=2.45 by using a silicon SIL.
The application is IC inspection. Gap and tilt servo are also discussed.
Photochromic memory with electronic functions II
Paper TD05-80
Author(s): Tsuyoshi Tsujioka, Osaka Kyoiku Univ. (Japan)
Various aspects of photochromic memory with electronic function is introduced.
Combination of electrical carrier separation and isomerization via hole
transportation would achieve high recording sensitivity.
Chalcogenide layers for optically guided mechanical recording-readout
Paper TD05-81
Author(s): Mihail Trunov, Uzhgorod National Univ. (Ukraine); Peter Nagy, Erika
Kalman, Chemical Research Ctr. (Hungary); Viktor Takats, Sandor J. Kokenyesi,
The Univ. of Debrecen (Hungary)
The giant negative photoplastic effect (giant photosoftening) in amorphous
chalcogenige layers was observed and applied to the optically guided
nanoindentation experiments. Results can be used in a Millipede-type data
recording device.
Online face recognition system using holographic optical correlator
Paper TD05-82
Author(s): Akiyama Reiko, Sayuri Ishikawa, Eriko Watanabe, Kashiko Kodate, Japan
Women's Univ. (Japan)
We have proposed and improved a face recognition system based on the algorithm
for the Fast Face Recognition Optical Correlator system (FARCO).
Characteristic of the tracking error signal of a novel multi-level read-only
disc
Paper TD05-83
Author(s): Mingming Yan, Jing Pei, Longfa Pan, Yi Tang, Tsinghua Univ. (China)
The uniformity and symmetry of the DPD signal of the novel ML-RLL disc by using
signal wave-shape modulation is better than the former ML-RLL disc.
Symmetric driving coils design for three-axis actuator with low interference
force
Paper TD05-84
Author(s): Buqing Zhang, Jianshe Ma, Longfa Pan, Xuemin Cheng, Hua Hu, Yi Tang,
Tsinghua Univ. (China)
A novel magnetic circuit consisting of symmetric driving coils is developed.
This configuration reduces the crosstalk forces in the main moving directions,
and improves the driving sensitivity of the actuator used in super multi DVD
drive.
Off axis astigmatic reflector for compact optical pickup
Paper TD05-85
Author(s): Ya-Ni Su, Cheng-Huan Chen, National Tsing Hua Univ. (Taiwan)
An optical pickup with all its components stacked up layer by layer and based
mostly on reflective optical components has been proposed as a compact and high
efficiency solution.
Inorganic reflective achromatic quarter-waveplate for OPU applications
Paper TD05-86
Author(s): Kim L. Tan, Karen D. Hendrix, Curtis R. Hruska, Nada A. O'Brien, JDSU
An all-inorganic reflective QWP that is achromatic for the three laser
wavelengths of an OPU is designed and demonstrated. Implementation into an OPU
is described.
Estimation method of the archival lifetime for optical recordable disks
Paper TD05-87
Author(s): Mitsuru Irie, Osaka Sangyo Univ. (Japan); Yoshihiro Okino, Kansai
Univ. (Japan); Takahiro Kubo, T. Kubo Engineering Science Office (Japan)
This paper presents a simple estimating method for the archival life expectancy
of optical disks in order to apply a rough clarification of archival grade
disks.
Super-trellis-based noise predictive detection for high-density optical storage
Paper TD05-88
Author(s): Xiao-Ming Chen, Oliver Theis, Deutsche Thomson oHG (Germany)
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Super-trellis based noise prediction was investigated for high density optical
storage.
Performance gain obtained by the proposed detector increases as storage density
increases.
Channel coding and signal detection for multi-level DVD player system
Paper TD05-89
Author(s): Hua Hu, Yi Tang, Haibo Yuan, Longfa Pan, Tsinghua Univ. (China)
Channel coding and signal detection for multi-level DVD player system are
introduced, including error correction code, modulation code, timing recovery
and adaptive PRML detection.
Error-Correcting Coded Indices for Multimode Balanced Conservative Codes for
Holographic Storage
Paper TD05-90
Author(s): Yongguang Zhu, Ivan J. Fair, Univ. of Alberta (Canada)
We present two error-correcting coding schemes for providing error protection
for the control array indices required in multimode balanced conservative codes
for holographic storage.
An improved chase decoder for turbo product codes over partial-response channels
Paper TD05-91
Author(s): Zhiliang Qin, Songhua Zhang, Kui Cai, Xiaoxin Zou, Data Storage
Institute (Singapore)
An improved Chase decoder is proposed based on the concept of local search
neighborhood for turbo product codes over partial-response channels.
Two-dimensional 5:8 modulation code for holographic data storage
Paper TD05-92
Author(s): Jinyoung Kim, Bongil Lee, Jaejin Lee, Soongsil Univ. (South Korea)
The proposed two-dimnesional 5:8 modulation code is very simple and removes all
the isolated 2D ISI patterns.
Hybrid image processing for holographic data storage system
Paper TD05-93
Author(s): Jang Hyun Kim, Hyunseok Yang, Jin-Bae Park, Young-Pil Park, Yonsei
Univ. (South Korea)
In this paper, we propose hybrid image processing method in holographic data
storage system.
Gaussian sum approximation approach to Blu-ray disk channel equalization
Paper TD05-94
Author(s): Gyuyeol Kong, Hyunmin Cho, Sooyong Choi, Yonsei Univ. (South Korea)
A new equalization method is proposed, which incorporates the Gaussian Sum
Approximation into a Kalman filtering framework to mitigate inter-symbol
interference in optical recording channels.
One-dimensional PRML detection with two-dimensional equalizer for holographic
data storage
Paper TD05-95
Author(s): Jinyoung Kim, Donghyuk Park, Jaejin Lee, Soongsil Univ. (South Korea)
We present a partial response maximum likelihood (PRML) detection with
two-dimensional equalizer scheme for holographic data storage channel.
Optical recording channel equalization using a bilinear recursive polynomial
system
Paper TD05-96
Author(s): Hyunmin Cho, Gyuyeol Kong, Sooyong Choi, Yonsei Univ. (South Korea)
A new equalizer based on bilinear recursive polynomial models is proposed to
improve the performance and simplify the structure of the conventional
equalizers for high density optical channels.
Sum-product decoding of multiple-parallel-concatenated single-parity-check codes
over partial-response channels
Paper TD05-97
Author(s): Xiaoxin Zou, Zhiliang Qin, Kui Cai, Songhua Zhang, Data Storage
Institute (Singapore)
We propose an efficient implementation of a serialized sum-product decoding
algorithm for multiple-parallel-concatenated single-parity-check (M-PC-SPC)
codes over partial-response channels.
RMTR Constrained Parity-Check Codes for High-Density Blue Laser Disk Systems
Paper TD05-98
Author(s): Cai Kui, Kees A. S.Immink, Songhua Zhang, Zhiliang Qin, Xiaoxin Zou,
Data Storage Institute (Singapore)
New constrained codes that satisfy the repeated minimum transition runlength (RMTR)
constraint and the parity-check (PC) constraint are proposed for high-density
blue laser disk systems.
Parallel multitrack Viterbi detector for 2D optical storage systems
Paper TD05-99
Author(s): Timothy S. Yao, The Univ. of Texas at El Paso; Lee Yang, Qingyang Wu,
Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corp. (China)
The proposed parallel Viterbi detector can enhance the bit detection performance
of the two-dimensional optical system and processing speed. The algorithm can
also be applied to the 3D recording system.
Super-resolution near-field disk with phase-change Sn-doped GST mask layer
Paper TD05-100
Author(s): Irene Lee, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (Singapore);
K. T. Yong, Chee Lip Gan, Nanyang Technological Univ. (Singapore); S. M. Daud,
L. H. Ting, L. P. Shi, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (Singapore)
A new mask layer of Sn7.0Ge20.6Sb20.7Te51.7 was developed and used on
Super-resolution near-field phase change optical disks. The thermal and optical
properties of the mask layer were investigated. The recording performance of the
new structure is discussed.
Nonlinear modeling of super-resolution near-field structure
Paper TD05-101
Author(s): Manjung Seo, Sungbin Im, Jaejin Lee, Soongsil Univ. (South Korea)
This paper presents a nonlinear modeling of Super-RENS (Super-Resolution Near
Field Structure) read-out signal using neural networks. The experiment results
indicate that the NARX (Nonlinear AutoRegressive eXogenous) model considered in
this study is superior to the NLMS (Normalized Least Mean Square) FIR (Finite
Impulse Response) adaptive filter, which is one of linear modeling approaches.
Posters: Postdeadline
Date: Monday 14 July
Time: 2:00 PM - 3:30 PM
A selection of post deadline poster papers will be included in the Final
Technical Program giving the participants the opportunity to hear new and
significant material in rapidly advancing areas.
Session MC: Special Session: Nano-Photonics
Date: Monday 14 July
Time: 3:30 PM - 6:30 PM
Session Chairs: Masud Mansuripur, College of Optical Sciences/The Univ. of
Arizona; Kevin R. Curtis, InPhase Technologies Inc.
Recent progress in photonic crystals for manipulation of photons (Invited Paper)
Paper TD05-10
Author(s): Susumu Noda, Kyoto Univ. (Japan)
Recent progresses in photonic crystals are reviewed. First of all, ultra-high Q
nanocavity and its dynamic control are discussed. Then, a very unique photonic
crystal laser operating at blue-violet wavelengths will be described.
Nano optics (Invited Paper)
Paper TD05-11
Author(s): Marko Loncar, Harvard Univ.
Optical manipulation of microscopic containers for chemistry with single
molecules (Invited Paper)
Paper TD05-12
Author(s): Kristian Helmerson, Carlos Mariscal-Lopez, Jianyong Tang, Rani B.
Kishore, National Institute of Standards and Technology
We detect and perform chemistry with only a few number of molecules confined in
submicron-sized water droplets, which can be manipulated with optical tweezers.
Applications of C-apertures to optical data storage (Invited Paper)
Paper TD05-13
Author(s): Lambertus Hesselink, J. B. Leen, Paul Hansen, Yao-Te Cheng, Xiaobo
Yin, Yin Yuen, Stanford Univ.
This invited paper describes our latest work towards fully describing the
operation of C-aperture light sources and using these sources to write nano-sized
marks on optical recording media. During the last decade we have developed and
refined a highly efficient nano-sized aperture that, under ideal conditions,
increases power throughput by three orders of magnitude compared with round and
square apertures producing the same optical spot size. As presented in ODS 2007,
these apertures can be mounted on a solid state laser to produce a very high
intensity nano-beam having a size of less than 80 nm [1]. In this paper we
discuss the theoretical and practical aspects of applying C-apertures to optical
data storage as well as our latest results related to using C-shaped nano
apertures for optical data storage.
Nanophotonics-based optical data storage (Invited Paper)
Paper TD05-14
Author(s): Min Gu, Swinburne Univ. of Technology (Australia)
This talk will present our recent advance in the nanoparticle-assisted optical
data storage technology where the information can be stored in five dimensions.
Tuesday 15 July
Session TuA: Drive Technologies
Date: Tuesday 15 July
Time: 8:30 AM - 10:00 AM
Session Chairs: Ryuichi Katayama, NEC Corp. (Japan); Kyunggeun Lee, SAMSUNG
Electronics Co., Ltd. (South Korea)
Readout-signal amplification by homodyne detection scheme (Invited Paper)
Paper TD05-15
Author(s): Hideharu Mikami, Takeshi Shimano, Takahiro Kurokawa, Tatsuro Ide,
Jiro Hashizume, Koichi Watanabe, Harukazu Miyamoto, Hitachi, Ltd. (Japan)
Optical signal amplification by using homodyne detection scheme was newly
proposed and demonstrated experimentally. Optical pickup for reliably obtaining
amplified optical disk readout-signal was designed.
System technology for achieving 200GB drive with 5-layer disc (Invited Paper)
Paper TD05-16
Author(s): Kyunggeun Lee, Inoh Hwang, Nakhyun Kim, Hyun-Soo Park, Hui Zhao, Tao
Hong, Insik Park, SAMSUNG Electronics Co., Ltd. (South Korea)
We report the feasibility for achieving 200GB with 40GB per layer and 5-layer
disc for the first time. bER of lower than 10-3 were experimentally obtained
respectively using this new data reproducing scheme which shows the possibility
of reducing one order of bER. With more improvement of media characteristics,
less than 10-4 of bER can be achieved.
Stable rotation of optical disks over 15000 rpm
Paper TD05-17
Author(s): Tomoharu Mukasa, Naofumi Goto, Takeharu Takasawa, Yoshiyuki Urakawa,
Nobuhiko Tsukahara, Sony Corp. (Japan)
We confirmed high-speed-rotation of disks without vibrations up to 20000 rpm and
tracking servo control at 17000 rpm using the double-boosted high-gain servo
controller.
A high-density recording by a near-field optical system using a medium with a
top layer with a high refractive index
Paper TD05-18
Author(s): Ariyoshi Nakaoki, Kimihiro Saito, Takeshi Yamasaki, Tomomi Yukumoto,
Tsutomu Ishimoto, Sunmin Kim, Takao Kondo, Takeshi Mizukuki, Osamu Kawakubo,
Sony Corp. (Japan); Miwa Honda, Noriyasu Shinohara, Norihiko Saito, JSR Corp.
(Japan)
A coated medium comprised of resin with a high refractive index of 1.83 was
examined using a near-field optical disc system of NA 1.84.
Session TuB: Components and Hybrid Recording
Date: Tuesday 15 July
Time: 10:30 AM - 12:30 PM
Session Chairs: Paul J. Wehrenberg, Apple Computer, Inc.; No-Cheol Park, Yonsei
Univ. (South Korea)
Liquid crystal active optics and its application to optical pickups (Invited
Paper)
Paper TD05-19
Author(s): Nobuyuki Hashimoto, Citizen Technology Ctr. Co., Ltd. (Japan)
We describe optical properties of liquid crystals for optical pickups, liquid
crystal GRIN lenses and liquid crystals with sub-wavelength structures.
A Novel Deformable Mirror for Spherical Aberration Compensation
Paper TD05-20
Author(s): Sunao Aoki, Masahiro Yamada, Tamotsu Yamagami, Sony Corp. (Japan)
By using conventional MEMS processes, we have successfully developed a highly
accurate and easily controllable deformable mirror with a simple structure.
Single longitudinal mode blue-violet laser diode for data storage
Paper TD05-21
Author(s): Christophe Moser, Lawrence Ho, Frank Havermeyer, Ondax, Inc.
Experimental demonstration of a single mode longitudinal TO-can blue-violet
laser with over 1 meter coherence length.
Designs and tolerances of two-element NA 0.8 objective lenses for page-based
holographic data storage systems
Paper TD05-22
Author(s): Yuzuru Takashima, Lambertus Hesselink, Stanford Univ.
Two-element NA 0.8 objectives, usable for both holographic and surface
recordings, are designed in conjunction with analysis of optical tolerances for
holographic removable media systems.
The challenges of heat assisted magnetic recording head integration (Invited
Paper)
Paper TD05-23
Author(s): Cal Hardie, Duane C. Karns, William A. Challener, N. J. Gokemeijer,
Tim Rausch, Michael A. Seigler, Edward C. Gage, Seagate Technology LLC
The explosion of digital content has created a global demand for storage
products that will only increase as the world becomes more digitally oriented
and connected. This ever increasing demand for storage capacity has placed
significant challenges on the magnetic recording industry. To extend recording
densities to beyond 1Tb/in2, the industry must find solutions to the
superparamagnetic limit which imposes a signal-to-noise ratio, thermal
stability, and writability tradeoff. Heat assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) is
a technology for achieving these high areal densities. A successful integration
of the HAMR technology will be shown. This integration process is compatible
with existing thin film magnetic recording fabrication which includes thin film
wafer process, slider lapping, and head/gimbal assembly. A demonstration of
200Gb/in2 areal density will be shown as well as a path to increase the areal
density capability of HAMR using Near Field Transducer (NFT) technology.
HAMR head with spot size converter and triangular aperture
Paper TD05-24
Author(s): Masakazu Hirata, Manabu Oumi, Majung Park, Seiko Instruments Inc.
(Japan)
This HAMR head has affinity to conventional HDD head and high throughput
integrated optics with spot size converter, triangular aperture and mirror.
Lunch Break 12:30 PM - 2:00 PM
SESSION TuP: Poster Session II
Date: Tuesday 15 July
Time: 2:00 PM - 3:30 PM
Session Chairs: Tuviah Ed Schlesinger, Carnegie Mellon Univ.; Yoshimi Tomita,
Pioneer Corp. (Japan); Yoshimasa Kawata, Shizuoka Univ. (Japan)
Poster authors may display their posters beginning at morning coffee break on
the day of their presentation, push pins will be provided.
Authors must remain in the vicinity of the poster board for the duration of the
session to answer questions.
Posters must be removed at the end of the day after the oral sessions. Posters
not removed by 7:00 pm will be considered unwanted and will be discarded.
Misalignment compensation and equalization for holographic data storage
Paper TD05-102
Author(s): Haksun Kim, Daewoo Electronics Corp., Ltd. (South Korea) and Daewoo
Electronics Corp., Ltd. and Daewoo Electronics Corp., Ltd.; Pilsang Yoon, Joo
Youn Park, Heungsang Jung, Daewoo Electronics Corp., Ltd. (South Korea); Gwitae
Park, Korea Univ. (South Korea)
In this paper, misalignment compensation and equalization for holographic data
storage is developed and evaluated. Experimental results are shown to verify the
proposed algorithm’s effectiveness.
Improvement of bit error rate by FIR filter
Paper TD05-103
Author(s): Yuichiro Sasa, Hiroshi Oto, Manabu Yamamoto, Tokyo Univ. of Science
(Japan)
This paper studies the effects of FIR filter based on genetic algorithm. It is
made clear that the best FIR coefficients can be provided by genetic algorithm.
Filter structures of write compensation for holographic data storage systems
Paper TD05-104
Author(s): Takaya Tanabe, Ryu Suzuki, Iwao Hatakeyama, Ibaraki National College
of Technology (Japan)
High pass filters of write compensation are compared and evaluated in
simulations. The write compensation with five-pixel pattern shows the best in
SNR.
Inter-page cross-talk noise in collinear holographic memory
Paper TD05-105
Author(s): Tsutomu Shimura, Masaru Terada, Yojiro Sumi, Ryushi Fujimura, Kazuo
Kuroda, The Univ. of Tokyo (Japan)
We revealed that signal-to-noise ratio of multiplexed holographic memory is
inversely proportional to square root of the multiplied recorded pages
theoretically as well as numerical simulation.
Design and test of channel board for holographic data storage
Paper TD05-106
Author(s): Pilsang Yoon, Daewoo Electronics Corp., Ltd. (South Korea) and Korea
Univ. (South Korea); Haksun Kim, Joo Youn Park, Heungsang Jung, Daewoo
Electronics Corp., Ltd. (South Korea); Gwitae Park, Korea Univ. (South Korea)
The hardware channel board for holographic data storage has been designed and
implemented with FPGA. A data interface between PC and channel board was adopted
in the channel board for data interface. An experiment for real-time recording
and reading was performed successfully.
Tracking servo control using pole placement based on Luenberger observer for
holographic data storage system
Paper TD05-107
Author(s): Yong Hee Lee, Sang-Hoon Kim, Jang Hyun Kim, Hyunseok Yang, Young-Pil
Park, Yonsei Univ. (South Korea); Joo Youn Park, Daewoo Electronics Corp., Ltd.
(South Korea)
In this paper, we focus on effects of radial deviation on the disk and propose a
tracking error compensation method for the holographic data storage system.
Tilt error measurement and compensation method for the holographic data storage
system
Paper TD05-108
Author(s): Sang-Hoon Kim, Jang Hyun Kim, Yong Hee Lee, Hyunseok Yang, Yonsei
Univ. (South Korea); Joo Youn Park, DAEWOO Electronics Corp. (South Korea);
Young-Pil Park, Yonsei Univ. (South Korea)
Tilt error measurement system using external photo detector is suggested and
measuring experiments are conducted. A servo controller to compensate tilt error
is designed and the performance of it is confirmed.
Design of a relay Lens with telecentricity in holographic storage system
Paper TD05-109
Author(s): Yung Sung Lan, National Chiao Tung Univ. (Taiwan); Kuang-Vu Chen,
Ping-Jung Wu, Wen-Hung Cheng, Chih-Cheng Hsu, Chin-Tsia Liang, Kuo-Chi Chiu,
Tzuan-Ren Jeng, Industrial Technology Research Institute (Taiwan)
In this paper, we revealed a doubly telecentric Fourier 4f Relay for the
holographic recording system, which is including six lenses and a PBS. It
provides a zero distortion and the wavefront error within 1/4λ (λ=532 nm).
Optimal aperture size for maximizing the capacity of holographic data storage
systems
Paper TD05-110
Author(s): Oliver Malki, Frank Przygodda, Joachim Knittel, Heiko Trautner,
Hartmut Richter, Deutsche Thomson oHG (Germany)
Determination of the optimal spatial filtering of the object beam by an aperture
placed in the focal plane in order to optimize the storage capacity of a
holographic data storage system.
Angular interval scheduling for angle-multiplexed holographic data storage
Paper TD05-111
Author(s): Nobuhiro Kinoshita, Tetsuhiko Muroi, Norihiko Ishii, Koji Kamijo,
Naoki Shimidzu, NHK Science & Technical Research Labs. (Japan)
We demonstrate an angular interval scheduling for closely stacking holograms.
With our scheduling for multiplex number of 300, low bERs across all datapages
were obtained.
Shift selectivity of the collinear holographic storage system
Paper TD05-112
Author(s): Ye-Wei Yu, Chih-Yuan Cheng, Shu-Ching Hsieh, Tun-Chien Teng,
Ching-Cherng Sun, National Central Univ. (Taiwan)
The paraxial solution of the shift selectivity of the collinear holographic
storage system is proposed, which is a powerful tool for simulation.
Isoplanatic lens design for phase conjugate storage systems
Paper TD05-113
Author(s): Bradley J. Sissom, Alan C. Hoskins, Tolis Deslis, Kevin R. Curtis,
InPhase Technologies Inc.
A new lens design concept for holographic data storage is introduced that
improves phase conjugation and enables relaxed assembly tolerances and
asymmetric reader/writer architectures.
Focus sensing method using far-field diffracted waves and its application to
holographic data discs
Paper TD05-114
Author(s): Teruo Fujita, Hayato Horikoshi, Fukui Univ. of Technology (Japan)
A far-filed focus sensor was studied by simulation and experiment. A way to
suppress the offset of this sensor and optics implemented with it for
holographic discs are proposed.
Aberration holograms and multiplexing: how to manage spherical aberration in
microholographic data storage
Paper TD05-115
Author(s): Enrico Dietz, Sven Frohmann, Jonas Gortner, Alan Guenther, Jens Rass,
Susanna Orlic, Technische Univ. Berlin (Germany)
We investigate the impact of spherical aberration on microholographic storage
and present the concept of so-called aberration holograms and experimental
results that demonstrate its viability.
Ultra-high density holographic search engine using sub-Bragg and sub-Nyquist
recordings
Paper TD05-116
Author(s): Joby Joseph, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (India); David A.
Waldman, DCE Aprilis, Inc.
We propose and demonstrate a holographic data storage device meant for search
only purposes, having exceptionally huge data density through sub-Bragg and sub-Nyquist
holographic recordings.
Detection of reproduced image distortion using FFT cross-correlation method in
holographic memory
Paper TD05-117
Author(s): Yuta Kajiwara, Takumi Sano, Manabu Yamamoto, Tokyo Univ. of Science
(Japan)
This paper studies the analysis method of reproduced image distortion. The image
distortion was detected by the marker positions in the data area using FFT
cross-correlation method.
Tilt compensation method for holographic data storage
Paper TD05-118
Author(s): Sangwoo Ha, Jae-Sung Lee, Na Young Kim, Jeong-Kyo Seo, In-Ho Choi,
Byung-Hoon Min, LG Electronics Inc. (South Korea)
In this paper, we propose the way to detect and compensate the radial/tangential
disc tilt. The compensation result by this method is also demonstrated.
Dynamic recording and readout of micro-holograms in GE dye-doped thermoplastic
Paper TD05-119
Author(s): Zhiyuan Ren, Victor P. Ostroverkhov, Xiaolei Shi, Mark A. Cheverton,
James Lopez, Brian L. Lawrence, Michael R. Durling, GE Global Research
We have implemented recording and readout of micro-holograms in dye-doped
thermoplastic in our new dynamic system that utilizes five-axial servos to
compensate rotating tilting/run-out.
Subwavelength focus by radial polarization through metallic thin film with
annular illumination
Paper TD05-120
Author(s): Tzu-Hsiang Lan, Chung-Hao Tien, National Chiao Tung Univ. (Taiwan)
With objective of NA = 0.75 and 85% apodized annular pupil, a non-diffraction
focused beam has FWHM of 0.37λ and more than 2λ penetration depth.
Surface plasmon antenna nano-source
Paper TD05-121
Author(s): Haifeng Wang, Baoxi Xu, Chong-Tow Chong, Data Storage Institute
(Singapore)
A 30nm light spot is generated by illuminating a novel surface plasmon optical
antenna with a micron sized focused red light with a wavelength of 650nm.
Picometer-scale accuracy in position measurements of dots in a 31 G dot/in2
pattern
Paper TD05-122
Author(s): Donald A. Chernoff, David L. Burkhead, Advanced Surface Microscopy,
Inc.
Picometer scale accuracy in position measurements using standard commercial AFM
and SEM with offline calibration/measurement software. Measured Dot pitch
143.895 ± 0.040 by AFM.
Study on transparency mechanism of bimetallic Bi/In film
Paper TD05-123
Author(s): Sihai Cao, Chuanfei Guo, Zhuwei Zhang, Yongsheng Wang, Junjie Miao,
Qian Liu, The National Ctr. for Nanoscience and Technology of China (China)
Transparent mechanism of Bi/In film as potential storage medium was
investigated. Oxidation and laser ablation were demonstrated to be main reasons
for the transparent conversion.
Strategies for employing nano-heterostructures in a near-field enhanced
super-resolution optical disk
Paper TD05-124
Author(s): Yang Wang, Qingling Qu, Yiqun Wu, Fuxi Gan, Shanghai Institute of
Optics and Fine Mechanics (China)
Strategies for employing nano-heterostructures in a near-field enhanced
super-resolution optical disk was proposed and numerically investigated.
Recovery and reconstruction of the intensity distribution of nano-sized light
field obtained with NSOM
Paper TD05-125
Author(s): HongXing Yuan, Baoxi Xu, M. D. Sofian, Chong-Tow Chong, Data Storage
Institute (Singapore)
Deconvlution techniques is adopted to recover and reconstruct the NSOM for
correct characteriztaion of nano-sized light field. Deviation with and without
correction is also presented.
Pupil plane characteristics and filtering for optical data storage using
circular polarization
Paper TD05-126
Author(s): Junyeob Yeo, Moon-Seok Kim, Narak Choi, Seoul National Univ. (South
Korea); Tom D. Milster, College of Optical Sciences/The Univ. of Arizona;
Jaisoon Kim, Seoul National Univ. (South Korea)
Pupil plane beam characteristics and filtering at high-NA and circular
polarization are investigated in order to achieve readout signal enhancement.
Aberration compensation in near field optics for multi-layer data storage
Paper TD05-127
Author(s): Kwan-Hyung Kim, Kitak Won, Hyeong-Ryeol Park, Narak Choi, Seoul
National Univ. (South Korea); Sam-Nyol Hong, Jeong-Kyo Seo, LG Electronics Inc.
(South Korea); Kwang-Sup Soh, Jaisoon Kim, Seoul National Univ. (South Korea)
The electric component and lens systems are investigated in order to apply for
multi-layer data storage in NFR system with high NA.
GaP solid immersion lens based on diffraction
Paper TD05-128
Author(s): Youngsik Kim, Jun Zhang, Thomas D. Milster, College of Optical
Sciences/The Univ. of Arizona
Hybrid solid immersion lens system (SIL) with a spherical lens attached micro
gallium phosphide SIL and a diffractive optical element, and its aberration
correction mechanisms are discussed.
Assembly and evaluation of SIL optical head for high NA cover-layer incident
near-field recording
Paper TD05-129
Author(s): Yong-Joong Yoon, Taeseob Kim, Cheol-Ki Min, Wan-Chin Kim, No-Cheol
Park, Young-Pil Park, Yonsei Univ. (South Korea); Tao Hong, Kyunggeun Lee,
SAMSUNG Electronics Co., Ltd. (South Korea)
In this paper, we show the assembly and evaluation results of the SIL optical
head with the high refractive index cover layer disc and compare them with
simulation ones. Through this research we can improve the effective NA as 1.84
which is the highest NA that has been reported and we can also increase the data
recording density per layer such as the surface recording NFR in cover layer
incident NFR.
Improvement of protection process using observer
Paper TD05-130
Author(s): Hyun-Woo Hwang, Sang-Hoon Kim, Joong-Gon Kim, Tae-Wook Kwon, Hyun-Seok
Yang, No-Cheol Park, Young-Pil Park, Yonsei Univ. (South Korea); Jeong-Kyo Seo,
In-Ho Choi, Byeong-Hoon Min, LG Electronics Inc. (South Korea)
We propose an improved protection process with a mode switching servo method
using a Luenberger observer. The protection process based on velocity and gap
distance is more powerful than the protection process based only on the gap
distance.
Improved air gap controller for SIL based near-field recording servo system
Paper TD05-131
Author(s): Joong-Gon Kim, Min-Seok Kang, Won-Ho Shin, No-Cheol Park, Hyun-Seok
Yang, Young-Pil Park, Yonsei Univ. (South Korea)
This paper describes improved gap controller for near field recording system
using an internal model principle and a dead-zone controller. Gap control system
is susceptible to disturbances due to small air gap. Therefore, air gap
controller should have effective disturbance rejection performance.
Effects of surface and mechanical properties of cover-layer on near-field
optical recording
Paper TD05-132
Author(s): Jin-Hong Kim, Jun-Seok Lee, Jungshik Kim, Ki-Chang Song, Jung-Kyo Seo,
LG Electronics Inc. (South Korea)
Several types of cover-layers for NFR media were prepared and characterized.
Design of compatible optics for near-field recording and Blu-ray disc using
relay lens
Paper TD05-133
Author(s): Hyun Choi, Jong-Pil Kim, Yong-Joong Yoon, Wan-Chin Kim, No-Cheol
Park, Young-Pil Park, Yonsei Univ. (South Korea)
We designed compatible optics for solid immersion based near-field recording
system and Blu-ray disc using the relay lens.
Collision between media surface and solid immersion lens in near-field recording
Paper TD05-134
Author(s): Hyokune Hwang, Jinmoo Park, Sung Hoon Lee, Jung-Kyo Seo, Seung Hun
Yoo, In-Ho Choi, Byung-Hoon Min, LG Electronics Inc. (South Korea)
Harsh collision between media surface and SIL could make permanent deformation
causing optical issues. Research to overcome these issues is described in this
paper.
The near-field optical module and the tilt compensation method of gap servo
near-field recording system
Paper TD05-135
Author(s): Do-Hyeon Son, Bong-Sik Kwak, Mi Hyeon Jeong, In Gu Han, Jeong-Kyo Seo,
In-Ho Choi, Byung-Hoon Min, LG Electronics Inc. (South Korea)
In this paper, we present the latest results of the LGE NF optical module and
the tilt compensation method applying for the NF deck system.
L10 ordering of (001)-oriented FePt thin films and its possible application in
hybrid recording
Paper TD05-136
Author(s): Bin Ma, Chaolin Zha, Zongzhi Zhang, Qingyuan Jin, Fudan Univ. (China)
The L10 ordered phase has been formed in FePt films, deposited on heated MgO
substrate or on SrTiO3, MgO and a 1 nm-FeOx underlayered Si substrate. FePt/TbFeCo
bilayered structure is also discussed.
Nano-optical characteristics of double-sided grating structure for HAMR
application
Paper TD05-137
Author(s): Dong-Soo Lim, Hyun-Suk Oh, Young-Joo Kim, Yonsei Univ. (South Korea)
The surface plasmon phenomenon of double-sided grating structure with nano-slit
aperture was studied to understand the enhancement of near-field optical
throughput for HAMR application.
Magnetic and magneto-optical properties of hybrid recording media on porous
alumina underlayer
Paper TD05-138
Author(s): Junbing Yan, Zuoyi Li, Fang Jin, K. F. Dong, Gengqi Lin, X. S. Miao,
Huazhong Univ. of Science and Technology (China)
A self-ordered hexagonal array of nanopores has been fabricated by anodizing a
thin film of Al on the glass, the hybrid recording media were sputtered on the
porous alumina underlayer, the magnetic properties and magneto-optical
properties of TbFeCo film on this underlayer were studied as an example.
Study of recorded mark width change with laser power in HAMR
Paper TD05-139
Author(s): Baoxi Xu, HongXing Yuan, M. D. Sofian, Rong Ji, Jun Zhang, Qide
Zhang, Chong-Tow Chong, Data Storage Institute (Singapore)
The dependence of the recorded mark width on the laser power for heat assisted
magnetic recording is studied experimentally and theoretically.
Near-field optical coupling and enhancement in the surface plasmon assisted HAMR
(SPAH) media
Paper TD05-140
Author(s): Dong-Soo Lim, Young-Joo Kim, Yonsei Univ. (South Korea)
New structure of ‘surface plasmon assisted HAMR (SPAH) media’ was studied to
increase the near-field optical throughput with metal and dielectric interface
in magnetic media.
Design and performance evaluation of light delivery for heat-assisted magnetic
recording
Paper TD05-141
Author(s): Eun-Hyung Cho, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (South
Korea); Sung-Mook Kang, Yonsei Univ. (South Korea); John B. Leen, Stanford
Univ.; Sung-Dong Suh, Jin-Seung Sohn, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology
(South Korea); Lambertus Hesselink, Stanford Univ.; No-Cheol Park, Young-Pil
Park, Yonsei Univ. (South Korea)
we present a description of the design, fabrication and evaluation of light
delivery using a C-shaped nano-aperture for heat assisted magnetic recording
Patterning for ultra-high density multi-dimensional multi-level ROM storage
Paper TD05-142
Author(s): Jia Y. Sze, Luping Shi, Data Storage Institute (Singapore); Diana N.
Sutanto, Nanyang Technological Univ. (Singapore); Chun Yang Chong, Jianming Li,
Gaoqiang Yuan, Lung Tat Ng, Data Storage Institute (Singapore); Chee Lip Gan,
Nanyang Technological Univ. (Singapore); Chong-Tow Chong, Data Storage Institute
(Singapore)
The paper examined the patterning methodology using phase change materials for
forming multi-depth pits. The design and fabrication of multi-depth pit for
multi-dimensional multi-level ROM disc was also investigated.
Application of polynomial regression and re-sampling method to estimate life
time of optical disk
Paper TD05-143
Author(s): Kunimaro Tanaka, Keisuke Fujiwara, Teikyo Heisei Univ. (Japan)
Re-sampling and linear regression is used for optical disk life estimation.
However, Arrhenius plot bends sometimes. Experimental result of application of
polynomial regression is reported.
Crystallization kinetics and recording mechanisms of a-Ge/Ni bilayer for
write-once blue-ray disk
Paper TD05-144
Author(s): Yung-Chiun Her, Jyun-Hung Chen, National Chung Hsing Univ. (Taiwan)
The crystallization kinetics and recording mechanism of a-Ge/Ni bilayer
recording film for write-once blue ray disk were studied.
Preparation and optical storage properties of novel metal hydrazone organic
materials for recordable Blu-ray disc
Paper TD05-145
Author(s): Yiqun Wu, Zhimin Chen, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine
Mechanics (China) and Heilongjiang Univ. (China); Donghong Gu, Yang Wang, Fuxi
Gan, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics (China)
New metal hydrazone organic materials as recording media for recordable blu-ray
disc have been presented. Optical, thermal and recording properties were
involved.
Crystallization and melting kinetics of Zn-doped fast-growth Sb70Te30
phase-change recording films
Paper TD05-146
Author(s): Yung-Sung Hsu, Ying-Da Liu, Yung-Chiun Her, National Chung Hsing
Univ. (Taiwan); Shun-Te Cheng, Song-Yeu Tsai, Industrial Technology Research
Institute (Taiwan)
In order to obtain sufficiently high recording sensitivity and archival
stability, while maintain adequate initialization ability for the rewritable
optical memories, the optimum Zn concentration in Sb70Te30 recording film should
be located between 5.3 and 17.9 at.%.
Crystallization time dependance on SbTe based phase change films measured by
rotating disc techniques
Paper TD05-147
Author(s): Robert E. Simpson, Paul Fons, Alex Kolobov, Masashi Kuwahara, Junji
Tominaga, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
(Japan)
Dynamic measurements of growth dominated and nucleation dominated materials are
presented as a function of mark length and film depth. Bismuth doping of these
films is found to increase the crystallization rate of the growth dominated
materials through a corresponding decrease in the material’s viscosity.
Cyclability improvement on super-resolution BD-like ROM disks based on the
high-contrast semiconductor InSb
Paper TD05-148
Author(s): Joseph Pichon, Fabien Laulagnet, Marie-Françoise Armand, Olivier
Lemonnier, Bérangère Hyot, Bernard André, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique
(France)
We present our recent improvements of InSb-based Super-Resolution BD-like ROM
disks in terms of cyclability, as investigated by dynamic and static testing.
Improvement of aerodynamic stability in flexible optical disk system with
cylindrically concaved stabilizer
Paper TD05-149
Author(s): Yasunori Sugimoto, Shozou Murata, Yasutomo Aman, Masaru Shinkai,
Nobuaki Onagi, Ricoh Co., Ltd. (Japan); Daiichi Koide, Yohimichi Takano, Haruki
Tokumaru, Japan Broadcasting Corp. (Japan)
The effects of both disk thickness and material were investigated in order to
improve aerodynamic stability in flexible optical disk system with cylindrically
concaved stabilizer.
Multi-level read-only DVD using signal waveform modulation
Paper TD05-150
Author(s): Yi Tang, Jing Pei, Longfa Pan, Hua Hu, Haibo Yuan, Buqing Zhang,
Mingming Yan, Tsinghua Univ. (China)
A novel multi-level read-only DVD using signal waveform modulation is proposed
and implemented on DVD platform. A raw BER of less than 1e-4 is achieved.
Posters: Postdeadline
Date: Tuesday 15 July
Time: 2:00 PM - 3:30 PM
A selection of post deadline poster papers will be included in the Final
Technical Program giving the participants the opportunity to hear new and
significant material in rapidly advancing areas.
Session TuC: Special Session: Applications
Date: Tuesday 15 July
Time: 3:30 PM - 6:30 PM
Session Chairs: Susanna Orlic, Technische Univ. Berlin (Germany); Mitsuru Irie,
Osaka Sangyo Univ. (Japan)
Toward adoption of optical disks for preservation of digitized cultural heritage
(Invited Paper)
Paper TD05-25
Author(s): Kunimaro Tanaka, Teikyo Heisei Univ. (Japan)
Digital archive is important for preservation and usage of present culture.
Recent status and requirement for optical disks for this purpose is described.
Trends in the digital home: why 'IMG0064.jpg' is the new blinking 12:00 (Invited
Paper)
Paper TD05-26
Author(s): Tim Rausch, S. Iren, D. Seekins, Ernest P. Riedel, Seagate Technology
LLC
Technology has become more ubiquitous and accessible than ever before, but it
still remains out of reach of many everyday individuals. People struggle with
technology and content management in the home on a regular basis. Using design
research techniques, we went into the homes of families and spent time with
them, observing their successes and failures with digital data. As a result of
the study we identified several trends in the digital home and barriers between
individuals and their technology.
Applications for 4th generation optical storage (Invited Paper)
Paper TD05-27
Author(s): Tuviah E. Schlesinger, Bruch H. Krogh, Tsuhan Chen, Carnegie Mellon
Univ.
Optical data storage provides inexpensive, removable, easily replicated medium.
Only applications requiring these will use optical storage. Advanced imaging and
control systems are applications that could require the next generation of
optical data storage systems.
DVD-download (Invited Paper)
Paper TD05-28
Author(s): Shoji Taniguchi, Pioneer Corp. (Japan)
DVD-Download provides a new distribution channel of DVD-Video discs via internet
download and centralized production. This paper describes its distribution
models and format outline.
Optical storage in 2008: Where is the competition heading? (Invited Paper)
Paper TD05-29
Author(s): Barry H. Schechtman, Information Storage Industry Consortium
Optical storage applications are discussed, and the status and outlook are
reviewed for other technologies that compete with optical storage for these
applications.
Wednesday 16 July
Session WA: New and Related Technologies
Date: Wednesday 16 July
Time: 8:30 AM - 10:00 AM
Session Chairs: Thomas D. Milster, College of Optical Sciences/The Univ. of
Arizona; Jooho Kim, SAMSUNG Electronics Co., Ltd. (South Korea)
Fundamental exploration of the solutions for ultra-high density optical
recording (Invited Paper)
Paper TD05-30
Author(s): Luping Shi, Chong-Tow Chong, Boris S. Luk'yanchuk, Jianming Li,
Haifeng Wang, Gaoqiang Yuan, Jia Y. Sze, Data Storage Institute (Singapore)
The possible solutions to achieve ultra-high density optical recording are
explored fundamentally, including the ways further reducing spot size to
overcome diffraction limit, volumetric recording using real space, imagine space
and parameter spaces, and making use of the interaction effect of light and
matters. The challenges and limitations are discussed.
Plasmonic Nano-structures for Optical Data Storage
Paper TD05-31
Author(s): Masud Mansuripur, College of Optical Sciences/The Univ. of Arizona;
Aramais R. Zakharian, Andrey Kobyakov, Corning, Inc.; Jerome V. Moloney, College
of Optical Sciences/The Univ. of Arizona
We describe a method of optical data storage that relies on the small dimensions
of metallic nano-structures and/or nano-particles to achieve high storage
densities. The resonant behavior of these particles (as individuals and in small
clusters) in the presence of ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared light may
be used to retrieve pre-recorded information using far-field spectroscopic
optical detection.
Towards femto-Joule nanoparticle phase-change optical memory
Paper TD05-32
Author(s): Andrey I. Denisyuk, Kevin F. MacDonald, Nikolay I. Zheludev, Univ. of
Southampton (United Kingdom)
Phase-change functionality in gallium nanoparticles offers an innovative
conceptual basis for the development of high density, low energy, non-volatile
optical memories.
Nanophotonic hierarchical hologram: demonstration of the physical hierarchy
Paper TD05-33
Author(s): Naoya Tate, Wataru Nomura, The Univ. of Tokyo (Japan); Takashi Yatsui,
Japan Science and Technology Agency (Japan); Makoto Naruse, National Institute
of Information and Communications Technology (Japan) and The Univ. of Tokyo
(Japan); Motoichi Ohtsu, The Univ. of Tokyo (Japan)
We experimentally demonstrated the concept of proposed "nanophotonic
hierarchical hologram" which works both in optical far-fields and near-fields.
The hierarchy is attributed to near-fields interactions.
Higher sensitivity for the analysis of bio-entities with changes in thicknesses
of multilayered BioDVD structure
Paper TD05-34
Author(s): Gopinath Subash Chandra Bose, Awazu Koichi, Kumar K. R.Penmetcha,
Junji Tominaga, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
(Japan)
Increased the sensitivity of optical based detection of bio-molecular
interactions on BioDVD surfaces with manipulations of multilayered structure.
Session WB: Media and Applications
Date: Wednesday 16 July
Time: 10:30 AM - 12:30 PM
Session Chairs: Rie Kojima, Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. (Japan);
Chong-Tow Chong, Data Storage Institute (Singapore)
Challenge to snap shot structural visualization of the phase change (Invited
Paper)
Paper TD05-35
Author(s): Yoshito Tanaka, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research
(RIKEN) (Japan); Yoshimitsu Fukuyama, Nobuhiro Yasuda, Jungeun Kim, Haruno
Murayama, Shigeru Kimura, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute
(Japan); Kenichi Kato, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN)
(Japan); Shinji Kohara, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (Japan);
Yutaka Moritomo, Tsukuba Univ. (Japan); Toshiyuki Matsunaga, Rie Kojima, Noboru
Yamada, Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. (Japan); Hitoshi Tanaka, Japan
Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (Japan); Masaki Takata, The Institute
of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN) (Japan)
The first time-resolved structure investigation of phase change process of DVD
materials was achieved by SR diffraction experiment coupled with simultaneous
photo reflectivity measurement.
What is the origin of activation energy in phase-change film?
Paper TD05-36
Author(s): Junji Tominaga, Takayuki Shima, Paul Fons, Robert E. Simpson, Masashi
Kuwahara, Alexander Kolobov, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science
and Technology (Japan)
We reveal and discuss the origin of the activation energy, which initiates the
transition from the amorphous to crystalline state, based on a
GeSbTe-superlattice model by ab-initio local density approximation.
Reliable measurement of optical constants for molten phase-change thin film
Paper TD05-37
Author(s): Daisuke Eto, Kazuhiko Aoki, Shuichi Ohkubo, NEC Corp. (Japan)
We found out optical constants of molten InSb thin film are nearly independent
of thickness and interface layer material, while melting point depends on
thickness.
A two-color photopolymer system for high-capacity multilayer optical data
storage
Paper TD05-38
Author(s): Benjamin A. Kowalski, Robert R. McLeod, Timothy F. Scott, Univ. of
Colorado at Boulder
A novel two-color photopolymer system is demonstrated, which suppresses
polymerization at the periphery of recording while maintaining high writing
sensitivity at the focus. This enables both increased storage density and
increased signal via suppression of out-of-focus exposure.
Phase aberration limits to three-dimensional optical data storage in homogeneous
media
Paper TD05-39
Author(s): Robert R. McLeod, Univ. of Colorado at Boulder
An analytic expression for the phase aberrations of multi-layer optical storage
disks is derived and used to calculate a limit on the total number of layers.
Applications of ODS technology to lithography (Invited Paper)
Paper TD05-40
Author(s): Thomas D. Milster, College of Optical Sciences/The Univ. of Arizona
As demands for ever smaller and more powerful computer circuits increase,
technologists are planning to decrease the minimum feature size fabricated on Si
wafers to less than 16 nm by 2020. This Herculean task may be accomplished with
exposure tools operating at the soft x-ray wavelength of 13.5 nm and advanced
processing techniques. A significant problem with this plan is that, as the
minimum feature size decreases, the cost of the exposure and processing systems
increases. This paper addresses the possibility of applying optical data storage
(ODS) technology to lithographic exposure, in order to reduce cost of the
components and provide a path for fabrication of 10 nm features.
Thursday 17 July
Session ThA: Coding and Signal Processing
Date: Thursday 17 July
Time: 8:30 AM - 10:00 AM
Session Chairs: Satoru Higashino, Sony Corp. (Japan); Seiji Kobayashi, Sony
Corp. (Japan)
Signal-readout system for optical pickup with homodyne detection scheme
Paper TD05-41
Author(s): Takahiro Kurokawa, Hideharu Mikami, Tatsuro Ide, Koichi Watanabe,
Harukazu Miyamoto, Hitachi, Ltd. (Japan)
We developed a signal-readout system for optical pickups using a homodyne
detection scheme. By using the system, a signal amplification rate of 3.6 was
obtained.
Turbo equalization with RLL (1,9) and LDPC code for SuperRENS ROM discs with
60nm minimum mark length
Paper TD05-42
Author(s): Oliver Theis, Xiao-Ming Chen, Dietmar Hepper, Gael Pilard, Deutsche
Thomson oHG (Germany)
Low complexity super-trellis detection for an enhanced (1,9) RLL modulation code
with application to turbo equalization for next generation optical discs is
presented
Study of ITR-PLL with linearly constrained adaptive pre-filter for high-density
optical disc
Paper TD05-43
Author(s): Yoshiyuki Kajiwara, Junya Shiraishi, Shoei Kobayashi, Tamotsu
Yamagami, Sony Corp. (Japan)
Digital Phase Lock Loop with Linearly Constraint Adaptive Pre-Filter has studied
to improve qualities of phase error calculation by adaptive equalized signal
with enough stability.
Adaptive writing strategy based on bits-indexed writing parameters
Paper TD05-44
Author(s): Hui Zhao, Hyun-Soo Park, Inoh Hwang, Kyunggeun Lee, Insik Park,
SAMSUNG Electronics Co., Ltd. (South Korea)
A new bits-indexed writing parameters organization method and an adaptive
writing strategy are proposed. The performance is proved by 40GB Blu-ray Disc
experiment.
Reduced state sequence estimation with level adaptation (RESSELA) for high
density disc
Paper TD05-45
Author(s): Hyun-Soo Park, Hui Zhao, Inho Hwang, Kyunggeun Lee, Insik Park,
SAMSUNG Electronics Co., Ltd. (South Korea)
We report the new data reproducing scheme for high density over 40GB with a
commercial Blu-ray recordable disc. bER of 1x10-6 and 1.3x10-4 and 2.6x10-3 and
9x10-3 with 40GB, 45GB, 47.5GB and 50GB were experimentally obtained
respectively using this new data reproducing scheme which shows the possibility
of achieving 50GB with a commercial single-layer Blu-ray disc.
Analysis on SNR improvement by multi-tone demodulation
Paper TD05-46
Author(s): Atsushi Kikukawa, Hiroyuki Minemura, Hitachi, Ltd. (Japan)
SNR improvement by using multi-tone demodulation was theoretically investigated.
The input bandwidth and the ADC clock jitter are the major factors that limit
the efficiency
Session ThB: Holographic I
Date: Thursday 17 July
Time: 10:30 AM - 12:30 PM
Session Chairs: Lambertus Hesselink, Stanford Univ.; Tsutomu Shimura, The Univ.
of Tokyo (Japan)
Linear signal processing for a holographic data storage channel using coherent
addition (Invited Paper)
Paper TD05-47
Author(s): Masaaki Hara, Kazutatsu Tokuyama, Kenji Tanaka, Kazuyuki Hirooka,
Atsushi Fukumoto, Sony Corp. (Japan)
A linear channel model and linear signal processing are available for a
holographic data storage channel when coherent addition is applied in a
reproduction process.
Homodyne detection of holographic data pages
Paper TD05-48
Author(s): Mark R. Ayres, Kevin R. Curtis, InPhase Technologies Inc.
A method for homodyne detection of holographic data pages is presented. The
optical phase-matching problem is solved algorithmically, rather than optically.
Development of a coaxial holographic data recording system (Invited Paper)
Paper TD05-49
Author(s): Atsushi Fukumoto, Sony Corp. (Japan)
Based on our recent progress in high-density and high data-transfer-rate
recordings using coaxial holographic recording testers, the prospects for
performance improvement in future systems are discussed.
A reflective counter-propagating holographic setup
Paper TD05-50
Author(s): Joachim Knittel, Frank Przygodda, Oliver Malki, Heiko Trautner,
Hartmut Richter, Deutsche Thomson-Brandt GmbH (Germany)
We present a reflective counter-propagating holographic setup for optical data
storage that makes efficient use of the laser light.
Practical holography
Paper TD05-51
Author(s): Ken E. Anderson, Edeline Fotheringham, Friso Schlottau, Paul C.
Smith, Keith W. Farnsworth, Jason R. Ensher, Kevin R. Curtis, InPhase
Technologies Inc.
We review the evolution of InPhase Technologies’ holographic storage drive and
discuss technical obstacles that we have overcome to bring our product to
market.
Material consumption and crosstalk characteristics of different holographic
storage concepts
Paper TD05-52
Author(s): Frank Przygodda, Joachim Knittel, Oliver Malki, Heiko Trautner,
Hartmut Richter, Deutsche Thomson-Brandt GmbH (Germany)
Three holographic data storage concepts (plane wave, collinear,
counter-propagating beam setup) are investigated by numerical simulations
regarding their material consumption, diffraction efficiency and crosstalk
characteristics.
Lunch Break 12:30 PM - 2:00 PM
Session ThC: Holographic II and Super Resolution
Date: Thursday 17 July
Time: 2:00 PM - 4:00 PM
Session Chairs: Robert R. McLeod, Univ. of Colorado at Boulder; Satoru Tanaka,
Pioneer Corp. (Japan)
Wobble alignment for angularly multiplexed holograms
Paper TD05-53
Author(s): Mark R. Ayres, Alan C. Hoskins, Paul C. Smith, John Kane, InPhase
Technologies Inc.
A method for dynamic alignment adjustment in an angle-multiplexed holographic
storage system is presented. A wobble servo corrects readout beam angle, pitch,
and wavelength.
Three-dimensional Fourier optics analysis of holographic optical data storage
systems
Paper TD05-54
Author(s): George Barbastathis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
A theoretical method for analysis and design of holographic memories is
presented. The memory is expressed as a 3D pupil in an imaging system. It is
shown how practical memory performance metrics, such as interpage---intrapage
crosstalk and defocus tolerance, can be understood and optimized using this
approach.
Intra-signal modulation in holographic memories
Paper TD05-55
Author(s): Mark R. Ayres, InPhase Technologies Inc.; Robert R. McLeod, Univ. of
Colorado at Boulder
An analysis of intra-signal noise in volume holography is presented. Estimates
of the coherent and incoherent limiting cases are derived for ASK and PSK
modulation.
Sparse modulation codes for channel with media saturation
Paper TD05-56
Author(s): Lakshmi D. Ramamoorthy, Vijayakumar Bhagavatula, Carnegie Mellon
Univ.
Channel model with media saturation was built to simulate data pages. We
observed a trade off between the relative write transfer rates and bit error
rate.
Optical super-resolution through super-oscillations (Invited Paper)
Paper TD05-57
Author(s): Nikolay I. Zheludev, Univ. of Southampton (United Kingdom)
Invited: To achieve optical sub-wavelength concentrations of light beyond the
near-field, the concept of super-oscillations recently flagged by Berry and
Popescu, and demonstrated by our group using a quasi-crystal array of holes,
provides a viable and less technologically challenging alternative to the
approach based on negative-index super-lenses exploiting recovery of the
evanescent fields.
Comparison of a semiconductor and a phase-change material for application in a
super-resolution ROM disk
Paper TD05-58
Author(s): Gael Pilard, Larisa Pacearescu, Herbert Hoelzemann, Christophe Féry,
Deutsche Thomson oHG (Germany)
Super-resolution ROM disks based on InSb or AIST were manufactured. A bER of
1e-3 was found with InSb on random patterns having 40nm channel bit length. We
demonstrate why the decoding with AIST is not possible.
Super resolution media with significantly high read stability
Paper TD05-59
Author(s): Shuichi Ohkubo, Kazuhiko Aoki, Eiji Kariyada, Daisuke Eto, NEC Corp.
(Japan)
Read stability of 1e+6 times has been confirmed with Super-Resolution ROM media
with phase change mask layer by developing new protective and inter-face layers.
Session ThD: Postdeadline Session
Date: Thursday 17 July
Time: 4:30 PM - 5:30 PM
Session Chairs: Barry H. Schechtman, Information Storage Industry Consortium;
Junji Tominaga, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
(Japan)
A selection of post deadline oral papers will be included in the Final Technical
Program giving the participants the opportunity to hear new and significant
material in rapidly advancing areas.
Invited Speakers
MA: Nanophotonics and Application to Future Storage Technology, Motoichi Ohtsu,
Univ. of Tokyo (Japan)
MA: Can future storage technologies benefit from the existing/emerging nano-tools
and techniques?, Masud Mansuripur, College of Optical Sciences/The Univ. of
Arizona (USA)
MB: Terabyte Recorded in Two-Photon 3D Disk, Edwin Walker, Call/Recall, Inc.
(USA)
MB: Micro-Holographic Storage and Threshold Recording Materials, Brian Lawrence,
GE Global Research
MC: Recent Progress in Photonic Crystals for Manipulation of Photons, Susumu
Noda, Kyoto Univ. (Japan)
MC: Nano Optics, Marko Loncar, Harvard Univ. (USA)
MC: Optical manipulation of microscopic containers for chemistry with single
molecules, Kristian Helmerson, National Institute of Standards and Technology
(USA)
MC: Applications of C-Apertures to Optical Data Storage, Lambertus Hesselink,
Stanford Univ. (USA)
MC: Nanophotonics-Based Optical Data Storage, Min Gu, Swinburne Univ. of
Technology (Australia)
TuA: Readout-Signal Amplification by Homodyne Detection Scheme, Hideharu Mikami,
Hitachi Ltd. (Japan)
TuA: System Technology for Achieving 200GB Drive with 5-Layer Disc, Kyunggeun
Lee, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. (Japan)
TuB: Liquid Crystal Active Optics and Its Application to Optical Pickups,
Nobuyuki Hashimoto, Citizen Technology Center Co., Ltd. (Japan)
TuB: The Challenges of Heat Assisted Magnetic Recording Head Integration, Cal
Hardie, Seagate Technology (USA)
TuC: Toward Adoption of Optical Disks for Preservation of Digitized Cultural
Heritage, Kunimaro Tanaka, Teikyo Heisei Univ. (Japan)
TuC: Trends in the Digital Home: Why 'IMG0064.jpg' is the New Blinking 12:00,
Tim Rausch, Seagate Technology (USA)
TuC: Applications for 4th Generation Optical Storage, Tuviah Schlesinger,
Carnegie Mellon Univ. (USA)
TuC: DVD Download, Shoji Taniguchi, Pioneer Corp. (Japan)
TuC: Optical Storage in 2008: Where is the competition heading?, Barry
Schechtman, Information Storage Industry Consortium (USA)
WA: Fundamental Exploration of the Solutions for Ultra-High Density Optical
Recording, Luping Shi, Data Storage Institute (Singapore)
WB: Challenge to Snap Shot Structural Visualization of the Phase Change, Masaki
Takata, RIKEN Harima Institute (Japan)
WB: Applications of ODS Technology to Lithography, Tom Milster, Univ. of Arizona
(USA)
ThB: Linear Signal Processing for a Holographic Data Storage Channel Using
Coherent Addition, Masaaki Hara, Sony Corp. (Japan)
ThB: Development of a Coaxial Holographic Data Recording System, Atsushi
Fukumoto, Sony Corp. (Japan)
ThC: Optical Super-Resolution through Super-Oscillations, Nikolay Zheludev,
Univ. of Southampton (United Kingdom)
SC917: Holographic Storage: Advanced Systems and Media
Date: 13 July 2008
Time: 8:30 AM - 12:30 PM
Location: Waikoloa, HI
Course Level: Intermediate
Instructor: Kevin R. Curtis, InPhase Technologies Inc.
SC918: Heat Assisted Magnetic Recording (HAMR)
Date: 13 July 2008
Time: 1:30 PM - 5:30 PM
Location: Waikoloa, HI
Course Level: Intermediate
Instructor: James A. Bain, Carnegie Mellon Univ.
SC919: Basics of Servo Technology for Optical Disk
Date: 13 July 2008
Time: 8:30 AM - 12:30 PM
Location: Waikoloa, HI
Course Level: Intermediate
Instructor: Kiyoshi Ohishi, Nagaoka Univ of Technology (Japan)
SC920: Near-Field Recording Technology
Date: 13 July 2008
Time: 1:30 PM - 5:30 PM
Location: Waikoloa, HI
Course Level: Introductory
Instructor: Tom D. Milster, College of Optical Sciences/The Univ. of Arizona