Del Mar Photonics - Newsletter Fall 2010 - Newsletter Winter 2010
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Photonics West 2011: Presentations on infrared apps
A pilot study of the clinical application infrared neural stimulation in
humans
Paper 7883E-112 of Conference 7883E
Date: Sunday, 23 January 2011
Time: 8:20 AM 8:40 AM
Author(s): Jonathan M. Cayce, Vanderbilt Univ. (United States); Jonathon D.
Wells, Lockheed Martin Aculight (United States); Jonathan D. Malphrus,
Vanderbilt Univ. (United States); Chris Kao, Vanderbilt Univ. Medical Ctr.
(United States); Peter Konrad, E. Duco Jansen, Anita Mahadevan-Jansen,
Vanderbilt Univ. (United States)
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Infrared neural stimulation (INS) is a new approach to neural activation that
relies on a pulsed infrared laser to reliably excite nerves in a non-contact,
artifact-free, selective manner. These advantages of INS suggest that this new
technique might improve upon current clinical care which uses electrical neural
monitoring; however to study the potential of this new technique in humans,
safety and efficacy must be demonstrated. A preclinical safety and efficacy
evaluation of this technique was conducted in seven patients undergoing
selective dorsal root rhizotomy. Results indicate that the Ho:YAG laser can
efficiently stimulate human dorsal spinal roots with a safety ratio of 2:1 and
with better spatial precision than clinical electrical stimulation.
Stand-off explosive detection on surfaces using multispectral MIR imaging
Paper 7945-25 of Conference 7945
Date: Sunday, 23 January 2011
Time: 5:00 PM 5:15 PM
Author(s): Kai A. Degreif, Sven Rademacher, Petya Dasheva, Fraunhofer-Institut
für Physikalische Messtechnik (Germany); Frank Fuchs, Stefan Hugger,
Fraunhofer-Institut für Angewandte Festkörperphysik (Germany); Frank H.
Schnürer, Wenka Schweikert, Fraunhofer-Institut für Chemische Technologie
(Germany)
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We present a system for the stand-off detection of solid explosive traces and
precursors on surfaces. The system consists of a widely tuneable mid-infrared
laser and an uncooled thermal imaging camera. The external cavity quantum
cascade laser illuminates the surface of a distant object at different
characteristic wavelengths. In synchronisation with the camera a hyperspectral
data cube of the backscattered radiation is generated allowing a multivariate
analysis of the scene. We demonstrate how multidimensional image processing is
used in order to fast and sensitively detect traces of hazardous substances such
as trinitrotoluene (TNT) or pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN). The software
classifier is trained to effectively suppress false alarms.
Flexible hollow-fiber bundle for body temperature imaging
Paper 7894-45 of Conference 7894
Date: Sunday, 23 January 2011
Time: 5:10 PM 5:30 PM
Author(s): Yuji Matsuura, Keisuke Naito, Tohoku Univ. (Japan)
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A flexible and coherent bundle of hollow optical fibers was fabricated for
infrared thermal imaging. For acquisition of thermal images, differences in the
transmission efficiency among the fibers were numerically compensated to obtain
high temperature resolution of 1 degree C for measuring body temperature. In a
lens system with 10-fold magnification and hollow fibers of 320-micron inner
diameter, the spatial resolution is around 3 mm. The hollow-fiber bundle enables
observation of the surface temperature of inner organs and blood flow of the
surfaces when the bundle is introduced into the human body with an endoscope.
Validation of autoLF: a platform for quantifying near-infrared fluorescent
images of lymphatic propulsion in humans
Paper 7902-52 of Conference 7902
Date: Monday, 24 January 2011
Time: 4:50 PM 5:10 PM
Author(s): John C. Rasmussen, Merrick Bautista, Gabriel Dickinson, Blake Niccum,
I-Chih Tan, Kristen E. Adams, Melissa B. Aldrich, Milton V. Marshall, The Univ.
of Texas Health Science Ctr. at Houston (United States); Caroline E. Fife, Erik
A. Maus, Latisha A. Smith, The Univ. of Texas Health Science Ctr. at Houston
(United States) and Memorial Hermann Hospital (United States); Jingdan Zhang,
Xiaoyan Xiang, Kevin Zhou, Siemens Corporate Research (United States); Eva M.
Sevick-Muraca, The Univ. of Texas Health Science Ctr. at Houston (United States)
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Recently, we demonstrated near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging for
quantifying real-time lymphatic propulsion in humans following intradermal
injections of microdose amounts of indocyanine green. However computational
methods for image analysis are underdeveloped, hindering the translation and
clinical adaptation of NIR fluorescent lymphatic imaging. We have commenced
development of AutoLF, an integrated software platform which will permit
automated, near real-time analysis of lymphatic function. Prior to automation,
the base algorithms quantifying lymphatic propulsion must be validated to verify
their consistency with existing proof-of-concept programs. Analysis of NIR
fluorescent images for ten subjects indicates that the differences between their
results are not significant.
High-performance long wavelength superlattice infrared detectors
Paper 7945-63 of Conference 7945
Date: Tuesday, 25 January 2011
Time: 3:35 PM 3:55 PM
Author(s): Alexander Soibel, David Z. Y. Ting, Cory J. Hill, Mike C. Lee, Jean
Nguyen, Sam A. Keo, Jason Mumolo, Sarath D. Gunapala, Jet Propulsion Lab.
(United States)
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We report our recent efforts in achieving state-of-the-art performance in
antimonide superlattice based infrared photodetectors. Specifically, we report a
10um cutoff superlattice device based on a complementary barrier infrared
detector (CBIRD) design. The detector exhibits a responsivity of 1.5A/W and a
dark current density of 1E-5A/cm2 at 77K under 0.2V bias. In addition, we
discuss the noise and gain characteristics of SL photodetectors. Direct
measurements of the noise spectra of SL heterodiodes at different operational
conditions reveal the absence of intrinsic 1/f noise in these structures, but
shows that an additional frequency-dependent noise can be generated by side-wall
leakage current.
CdSiP2 picosecond optical parametric generator
Paper 7917-20 of Conference 7917
Date: Tuesday, 25 January 2011
Time: 3:40 PM 4:00 PM
Author(s): Olivier Chalus, ICFO - Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques (Spain); Peter
G. Schunemann, Kevin T. Zawilski, BAE Systems (United States); Jens Biegert,
Majid Ebrahim-Zadeh, ICFO - Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques (Spain)
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We report efficient generation of picosecond pulses in the near- and
mid-infrared in the new nonlinear material CdSiP2 pumped at 1064 by a
mode-locked Nd:YVO4 laser at 100 kHz repetition rate. Using single-pass optical
parametric generation in 8-mm-long crystal cut for type I (e?oo) noncritical
phase-matching, an average idler power of 154 mW at 6204 nm together with 1.16 W
of signal at 1282 nm has been obtained for 6.1 W of pump at photon conversion
efficiency of 15% and 25%, respectively. Signal pulse durations of 6.36 ps are
measured for 9 ps pump pulses, with both signal and idler beams in near-Gaussian
spatial profile
Non-contact detection of dry eye using a custom designed IR thermal image system
Paper 7885-2 of Conference 7885
Date: Saturday, 22 January 2011
Time: 8:30 AM 8:45 AM
Author(s): Tai Yuan Su, National Yang-Ming Univ. (Taiwan); Ko Hua Chen, Taipei
Veterans General Hospital (Taiwan); Po Hsuan Liu, Ming Hong Wu, David O. Chang,
United Integrated Services Co., Ltd. (Taiwan); Huihua K. Chiang, National
Yang-Ming Univ. (Taiwan)
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Dry eye syndrome is a common irritating eye disease. Current clinical diagnostic
methods are invasive and uncomfortable to patients. A custom designed noncontact
infrared (IR) thermal image system was developed to measure the spatial and
temporal variation of the ocular surface temperature over a 6-second eye-opening
period. We defined two parameters: the temperature difference value and the
compactness value to represent the degree of the temperature change and
irregularity of the temperature distribution on the tear film. By using these
two parameters, we have achieved a linear discrimination result for the dry eye
and the normal eye group; the sensitivity is 0.9, the specificity is 0.86 and
the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) area is 0.91. The result suggests
that the custom designed IR thermal image system may be used as an effective
tool for noncontact detection of dry eye.
Breast coil for multiplanar MRI/optical spectroscopy in vivo
Paper 7892-3 of Conference 7892
Date: Saturday, 22 January 2011
Time: 8:50 AM 9:10 AM
Author(s): Michael A. Mastanduno, Shudong Jiang, Brian W. Pogue, Keith D.
Paulsen, Dartmouth College (United States)
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Image-guided optical spectroscopy was developed as a non-invasive tool to
compliment MR imaging of breast cancer with functional maps of tissue
physiology, prior to biopsy. Because the system cannot provide sensitivity to
the entire imaging domain, a device to reposition the optical fibers efficiently
to focus on suspicious regions while inside the MRI machine was designed and
implemented, increasing 3D sensitivity. We present methodology for optical probe
optimization for clinical use and compare results from phantom and in-vivo
studies with numerical studies. This interface can utilize multi-modal synergy
between MR, absorption, and fluorescence imaging for accurate spatial and
functional images.
Study on extremity oxygenation assessing of hemodialysis patients based on
near-infrared spectroscopy
Paper 7883B-41 of Conference 7883B
Date: Saturday, 22 January 2011
Time: 9:20 AM 9:40 AM
Author(s): Chun-Yang Wang, National Chiao Tung Univ. (Taiwan); Ching-Cheng
Chuang, National Taiwan Univ. (Taiwan); Chih-Ching Lin, Taipei Veterans General
Hospital (Taiwan); Yao-Sheng Hsieh, National Chiao Tung Univ. (Taiwan); Chia-Wei
Sun, National Yang-Ming Univ. (Taiwan)
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Several side effects of the hemodialysis, including low blood pressure, fatigue,
chest pains, nausea, headaches and muscle-cramps, are originated by removing too
much fluid rapidly. Meanwhile, it leads to reduce oxygen concentration,
especially with the ipsilateral of the arteriovenous fistula. Near-infrared
spectroscopy (NIRS) has been shown to be an effective tool for measuring local
changes of tissue in hemodynamics. In this study, the NIRS measurements were
carried out with an OxiPlex instrument (Noninvasive tissue oximeter; ISS Inc.,
Champaign, USA). Extremity oxygenation with three conditions during the
hemodialysis, i.e., pre-dialysis, in-dialysis and after-dialysis, are all
measured for physiological analysis. The experimental results indicate the
muscle pain in-dialysis is caused by reduction of oxygen saturation. Thus, NIRS
provides an assessment tool for helping the treatment of hemodialysis patient
with muscle pain in-dialysis.
Near-infrared spectroscopy and optical frequency domain imaging for
intravascular tissue characterization
Paper 7883D-76 of Conference 7883D
Date: Saturday, 22 January 2011
Time: 11:00 AM 11:20 AM
Author(s): Christine P. Fleming, Joseph A. Gardecki, Hao Wang, Brett E. Bouma,
Guillermo J. Tearney, Harvard Medical School (United States)
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Optical frequency domain imaging (OFDI) is a high resolution, high speed, depth
resolved imaging modality has been used for to identify critical components
related to plaque vulnerability. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has the
potential to complement OFDI and improve our intravascular tissue
characterization capabilities. NIRS is conducted by evaluating the attenuation
of light at different wavelengths in the near-infrared spectrum, assessed by
measuring light remitted from the vessel wall. We present the use of NIRS and
OFDI processing on phantoms, ex vivo human aorta, and in vivo OFDI pullbacks for
tissue characterization.
Comparison of three near-infrared laser wavelengths for non-invasive laser
coagulation of the canine vas deferens
Paper 7883B-47 of Conference 7883B
Date: Saturday, 22 January 2011
Time: 1:20 PM 1:40 PM
Author(s): Christopher Cilip, Nathaniel M. Fried, The Univ. of North Carolina at
Charlotte (United States)
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Noninvasive laser coagulation of canine vas, in vivo, has been previously
reported. This study determines dependence of vas thermal coagulation on laser
wavelength. Noninvasive laser coagulation of canine vas tissue, ex vivo, was
performed using three near-infrared laser wavelengths: 808, 980, and 1075 nm.
Each laser delivered average power of 9.2 W, 500-ms pulse duration, pulse rate
of 1.0-Hz, and a 3.2-mm diameter laser spot, synchronized with cryogen spray
cooling of skin surface for a treatment time of 60 s. The 1075 nm wavelength was
the only laser that consistently produced thermal coagulation of the vas without
scrotal skin burns.
Quantifying thermal modifications on laser welded skin tissue
Paper 7902-10 of Conference 7902
Date: Saturday, 22 January 2011
Time: 2:15 PM 2:35 PM
Author(s): Hasim O. Tabakoglu, Fatih Univ. (Turkey); Murat Gülsoy, Bogaziçi
Univ, (Turkey)
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Laser tissue welding is a potential medical treatment method. Recovery period
depends on the thermal harm given to the skin tissue. 1 cm long cuts were
treated spot by spot near infrared laser applications: 809 nm, 980 nm and 1070
nm. Thermal effect can be determined under light microscope. Polarized light and
phase contrast method give information about collagen structural changes on H&E
stained tissue samples. Images were taken with a CCD camera and examined with
imaging software. At the end of the 4-day recovery period, 1070 nm laser has
given the minimum thermal damage to the tissue been observed.
Detection of chemical changes in bone after irradiation with Er,Cr:YSGG laser
Paper 7883F-132 of Conference 7883F
Date: Saturday, 22 January 2011
Time: 2:20 PM 2:40 PM
Author(s): Carolina Benetti, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares
(Brazil); Patricia A. Ana, Univ. Federal do ABC (Brazil); Moises O. Santos, Jose
S. Rabelo, Denise M. Zezell, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares
(Brazil)
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In this study, the Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to
verify the molecular and compositional changes promoted by laser irradiation on
bone tissue. Bone slabs were obtained from rabbits and, after an initial
analysis by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, all samples were irradiated using a pulsed
Er,Cr:YSGG laser (2780 nm), and analysed once again. It was observed that the
laser irradiation promoted changes in the organic and collagen structure of bone
tissue, which can interfere with the healing process. In this way, these changes
should be considered in a clinical application of laser irradiation in
surgeries.
Near-infrared laser treatment of complicated hemangiomas in children: ten-year
clinical experience
Paper 7883A-16 of Conference 7883A
Date: Saturday, 22 January 2011
Time: 3:00 PM 3:20 PM
Author(s): Ivan A. Abushkin, Valeriy A. Privalov, Chelyabinsk State Medical
Academy (Russian Federation); Alexander V. Lappa, Chelyabinsk State Univ.
(Russian Federation)
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Results of application of low invasive laser technology (developed by authors:
Proc. SPIE 5863, 107-115 (2005), Russian Federation patent ?2290228 of.27.12.06)
to treatment of hemangiomas in children are presented and analyzed in this work.
From 2001 the technology was applied to about 1500 children with more than 2000
hemangiomas. Majority of them were complicated ones: belong to cavernous or
combined types or (and) were localized on problem places: on face near eyes,
nose, and lips, on auricles, on perineum near anus and genitals, in respiratory
and gastrointestinal tracts. Diode laser with wavelength 920, 970, and 1060 nm
at distant and interstitial irradiation were applied. In case of need there
applied endoscopes. Excellent and good results have been achieved in 94% cases;
there was a significant improvement in the rest cases.
In-vivo swine myocardial tissue characterization and monitoring during open
chest surgery by time-resolved diffuse near-infrared spectroscopy
Paper 7883D-84 of Conference 7883D
Date: Saturday, 22 January 2011
Time: 3:40 PM 4:00 PM
Author(s): Lorenzo Spinelli, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (Italy); Davide
Contini, Andrea Farina, Alessandro Torricelli, Antonio Pifferi, Rinaldo Cubeddu,
Politecnico di Milano (Italy); Luca Ascari, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna (Italy);
Luca Potí, Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni
(Italy); Maria Giovanna Trivella, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (Italy);
Antonio L'Abbate, Stefano Puzzuoli, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna (Italy) and
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (Italy)
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Worldwide, a large number of patients suffering from cardiac diseases are
treated by surgery. However, surgical failure can occur, due in part to the
imperfect control of the heart metabolic status. This is indirectly controlled
by the electrocardiogram and ultrasounds as direct measurements are lacking.
Diffuse optical technologies are promising tools for biological tissue
characterization. In this work we show the feasibility of the in-vivo
determination of myocardial absorption and scattering spectra (600-1100 nm), and
of monitoring myocardial tissue hemodynamics by time-resolved diffuse NIRS. Both
measurements have been performed on beating heart during open chest surgery in
pigs.
Improved cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) mapping using concurrent fMRI and
near-infrared spectroscopy
Paper 7896-4 of Conference 7896
Date: Sunday, 23 January 2011
Time: 9:10 AM 9:30 AM
Author(s): Yunjie Tong, Blaise B. Frederick, McLean Hospital (United States)
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We demonstrate a novel method to process fMRI data obtained during blocked
breath holding task (BHT) to produce accurate cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR)
maps by using simultaneously collected near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) data
and its temporal shifts as regressors. In this concurrent NIRS and fMRI study, 6
healthy subjects performed blocked BHT in the scanner with the NIRS probe placed
on the prefrontal area. The method produces a much more accurate CVR map
compared to existing methods and offers a way to produce the comparable baseline
cerebral vascular maps if applied to resting state data.
Joint attention studies in normal and autistic children using NIRS
Paper 7883E-115 of Conference 7883E
Date: Sunday, 23 January 2011
Time: 9:20 AM 9:40 AM
Author(s): Ujwal Chaudhary, Michael Hall, Florida International Univ. (United
States); Anibal Gutierrez, Daniel Messinger, Univ. of Miami (United States);
Gustavo Rey, Miami Children's Hospital (United States); Anuradha Godavarty,
Florida International Univ. (United States)
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Autism is marked by the inability to respond to joint attention skill task,
which is used to distinguish autistic from non-autistic. Near infrared
spectroscopy (NIRS) is being applied for the first time to study the brain
activation and connectivity in the frontal cortex of typically developing (TD)
and autistic children (4-8 years of age) in response to joint attention task.
Preliminary results from TD child shows difference in brain activation during
joint attention interaction compared to the non-joint interaction and rest.
Similar activation study did not reveal significant differences in HbO across
the stimuli in, unlike in an autistic child.
Adaptive cancellation of spontaneous fluctuations in combination with depth
compensation algorithm enhances real-time brain imaging in diffuse optical
tomography
Paper 7896-6 of Conference 7896
Date: Sunday, 23 January 2011
Time: 9:50 AM 10:10 AM
Author(s): Fenghua Tian, Haijing Niu, Bilal Khan, George Alexandrakis, Khosrow
Behbehani, Hanli Liu, The Univ. of Texas at Arlington (United States)
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Diffuse optical tomography (DOT) of brain function is limited by its high
sensitivity to the superficial tissues and severely decreased sensitivity to the
brain. Significant interference results from spontaneous fluctuations that are
embedded in both the superficial tissues and brain, such as arterial pulsation
and vasomotion. In this study, first we investigate coherence and phase shift of
the spontaneous fluctuations within the superficial tissues and at various
depths of the brain, respectively. The fluctuations originating from arterial
pulsation are globally coherent, while the fluctuations originating from
vasomotion tend to lose its coherence with depth. Then adaptive cancellation of
the spontaneous fluctuations with a frequency-specific strategy is utilized and
validated in both resting and activation states. Improved depth localization of
reconstructed image is achieved by combining adaptive cancellation with a depth
compensation algorithm that we recently developed.
Diet-induced alterations in brain microvasculature: a non-invasive,
near-infrared spectroscopy study in rats
Paper 7896-7 of Conference 7896
Date: Sunday, 23 January 2011
Time: 10:40 AM 11:00 AM
Author(s): Bertan Hallacoglu, Angelo Sassaroli, Irwin H. Rosenberg, Sergio
Fantini, Aron Troen, Tufts Univ. (United States)
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Abstract. Deficiencies of vitamins B9 (folate), B12, and B6 are potentially
modifiable predictors of cognitive impairment. We report non-invasive,
near-infrared spectroscopy measurements in rats, which showed that absolute
brain hemoglobin concentration ([tHb]) and oxygen saturation (StO2) were
significantly lower in folate deficient animals (n=5) with respect to control
animals (n=6) ([tHb]: 73ฑ10 ตM vs. 95ฑ14 ตM; StO2: 55%ฑ7% vs. 66% ฑ4%). These
results implicate microvascular rarefaction and cognitive impairment in folate
deficient rats. We will also report the results of an animal NIRS study of B12
deficiency. These studies are initial steps towards understanding vascular
deficiency effects in humans.
In-vivo multiplexed optical imaging system with near-infrared emitting quantum
dots and lanthanide-doped nanoparticles
Paper 7909-23 of Conference 7909
Date: Sunday, 23 January 2011
Time: 11:00 AM 11:10 AM
Author(s): Sanghwa Jeong, Nayoun Won, Kangwook Kim, Joonhyuck Park, Sungjee Kim,
Pohang Univ. of Science and Technology (Korea, Republic of)
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Multiplexed imaging provides the opportunity to investigate the complex
biological phenomena governed by multiple biomolecules. Quantum dots (QDs) with
different emission wavelengths can be multiplexed by single excitation light.
Multiplexing between QDs and lanthanide-doped nanoparticles (LNs) can be
obtained by switching the excitation sources while they emit at same wavelength
domain. NIR emitting QDs and LNs were synthesized with judicious emission
wavelength control by pyrolysis method to expand the multiplexing capability in
700 to 900 nm. Using small animal models, in vivo real-time multiplexed imaging
will be demonstrated with QDs and LNs simultaneously and complimentarily
exploited for the contrast agents.
Synthesis of 'non-toxic' quantum dots and the in-vivo imaging applications
thereof
Paper 7909-24 of Conference 7909
Date: Sunday, 23 January 2011
Time: 11:10 AM 11:20 AM
Author(s): Youngrong Park, Jiwon Bang, Nayoun Won, Sanghwa Jeong, Kangwook Kim,
Sungjee Kim, Pohang Univ. of Science and Technology (Korea, Republic of)
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Near-infrared (NIR) emitting, non-toxic Quantum dots (QDs) can be a promising
fluorescent marker in biological imaging applications. High quality 'non-toxic'
QDs were synthesized that include InP and CuInS2 QDs. The solvent and QD
precursors were judiciously chosen to obtain highly bright and stable QDs with
reproducible manner. Their photoluminescence spectra were tuned down to far-red
and NIR regions for bio-imaging applications. Using small animal models,
real-time multiplexed in vivo imaging was demonstrated with the 'non-toxic' NIR
emitting QDs. Furthermore, we will discuss penetration depths of the QD imaging
along with the contrast to noise ratios and the image sharpness.
Ultrafast density- and temperature-dependent carrier dynamics in a quantum
dots-in-a-well heterostructure
Paper 7937-6 of Conference 7937
Date: Sunday, 23 January 2011
Time: 11:10 AM 11:35 AM
Author(s): Rohit P. Prasankumar, Los Alamos National Lab. (United States);
Rajeev V. Shenoi, The Univ. of New Mexico (United States); Junji Urayama, Weng
W. Chow, Sandia National Labs. (United States); Sanjay Krishna, The Univ. of New
Mexico (United States); Antoinette J. Taylor, Los Alamos National Lab. (United
States)
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The incorporation of semiconductor quantum dots into different heterostructures
for applications in nanoscale photodetection and lasing is an active area of
research. Here, we use ultrafast differential transmission (DT) spectroscopy to
temporally and spectrally resolve density-and-temperature-dependent carrier
dynamics in a quantum dots-in-a-well (DWELL) heterostructure. Our experiments
provide essential insight into carrier relaxation across multiple spatial
dimensions and reveal the influence of Coulomb interactions across different
time scales and excitation densities. This is highlighted by the observed
influence of the quantum well population upon light absorption at the quantum
dot excited state, which has important implications for DWELL-based lasers and
amplifiers.
Near-infrared quantum dots for in-vivo real-time multiplexed imaging
applications
Paper 7909-25 of Conference 7909
Date: Sunday, 23 January 2011
Time: 11:20 AM 11:40 AM
Author(s): Nayoun Won, Sanghwa Jeong, Kangwook Kim, Joonhyuck Park, Sungjee Kim,
Pohang Univ. of Science and Technology (Korea, Republic of)
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Near-infrared (NIR) quantum dots (QDs) promise a new modality for in vivo
bio-imaging and future medical imaging applications. We developed an in vivo
real-time multiplexed NIR QD imaging system that covers the NIR wavelength range
from 700 to 1700 nm. To verify the capability of our home-built imaging system
for the surgical imaging applications, the penetration depth of the QD imaging
was simulated using biological tissues such as bovine liver and porcine skin
samples. We investigate into the imaging parameters such as excitation and
emission wavelengths, fluence rates, incidence angles, and polarizations that
determine contrast to noise ratios and sharpness.
Time-domain near-infrared spectroscopy monitoring of brain pathophysiology after
injury, stroke, and subarachnoid hemmorhage
Paper 7896-9 of Conference 7896
Date: Sunday, 23 January 2011
Time: 11:20 AM 11:40 AM
Author(s): Nicusor V. Iftimia, Physical Sciences Inc. (United States); Juliette
J. Selb, Eric Rosenthal, Massachusetts General Hospital (United States); Mircea
Mujat, Robert D. Ferguson, Daniel X. Hammer, Physical Sciences Inc. (United
States)
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The knowledge of brain pathology after traumatic head injury, stroke, or
subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is necessary for adequate and patient-oriented
treatment. While the primary insult, which represents the direct damage, cannot
be therapeutically influenced, the secondary damage can be prevented by
treatment. Signs of danger for secondary damage include changes in cerebral
blood flow (hypo-and hyperperfusion), impairment of cerebrovascular
autoregulation, cerebral metabolic dysfunction, and inadequate cerebral
oxygenation. Near-infrared spectroscopy seems to be a suitable technology for
monitoring such pathologies. We present the development and preliminary testing
of a TD NIR system on TBI, stroke, and SAH patients. Preliminary data show the
TD NIRS findings correlate well with CT findings and patient health status
monitored with NICU sensors. The development of the TD NIRS instrument and its
preliminary NICU testing will be discussed.
The progress of QD laser in the near IR wavelength region
Paper 7945-13 of Conference 7945
Date: Sunday, 23 January 2011
Time: 12:55 PM 1:15 PM
Author(s): Daekon Oh, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute
(Korea, Republic of); Jinsoo Kim, Chonbuk National Univ. (Korea, Republic of);
Jinhong Lee, Korea Photonics Technology Institute (Korea, Republic of); Seungui
Hong, Cheoluk W. Lee, Wonseok Han, Byung-Seok Choi, Electronics and
Telecommunications Research Institute (Korea, Republic of)
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Demand on high quality and new contents in optical internet still requires
continuous development of advanced optical components in the point of low cost
and high performance. The use of quantum dot structure in the active region of
semiconductor optical devices have been shown superior high carrier dynamic and
temperature less sensitive properties by some research groups. A 1.5?m QD laser
on the InP(100) substrate will be demonstrated in detail with the brief review
of new achievements of QD optical devices in the near IR wavelength range.
Enhanced temperature stability of Fabry-Perot QD laser will be reported compare
to the QW laser. Also, 10Gbps direct modulation speed demonstrated with the
moderate side mode suppression in the DFB QD laser. Statistic approach for the
reproducible formation of quantum dot in the MOCVD and MBE system also will be
introduced in this talk.
Repeatability of end-expiratory breath hold responses measured with
near-infrared spectroscopy
Paper 7896-12 of Conference 7896
Date: Sunday, 23 January 2011
Time: 1:50 PM 2:10 PM
Author(s): Jaakko Virtanen, Aalto Univ. School of Science and Technology
(Finland); Tommi Noponen, Univ.of Turku (Finland); Risto Ilmoniemi, Aalto Univ.
School of Science and Technology (Finland)
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Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) can be used to assess the cerebrovascular
response to CO2 during breath hold. We measured 8 healthy subjects during
voluntary end-expiratory breath hold to study inter- and intraindividual
variability of the deoxy- and oxyhemoglobin (HbR and HbO2, respectively)
response curves for the scalp and cerebral cortex. Although cortical [HbO2]
behaves qualitatively similarly in all subjects, there is large inter- and
intraindividual variability, and in the case of [HbR] also qualitative
variability. However, the slope of cortical [HbO2] during the breath hold has
good measurement repeatability, and it is a good indicator of an individual's
CO2 tolerance.
A method for fluorescence-guided surgery providing an estimate of depth in
multispectral near-infrared subsurface imaging
Paper 7886-24 of Conference 7886
Date: Sunday, 23 January 2011
Time: 2:00 PM 2:20 PM
Author(s): Frederic Leblond, Pablo A. Valdes, Dartmouth College (United States);
Anthony Kim, Ontario Cancer Institute (Canada); Scott C. Davis, Zaven Ovanesyan,
Venkataramanan Krishnaswamy, Dartmouth College (United States); Brian C. Wilson,
Ontario Cancer Institute (Canada); Alexander Hartov, Brian W. Pogue, Keith D.
Paulsen, Dartmouth College (United States); David W. Roberts, Dartmouth
Hitchcock Medical Ctr. (United States)
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Fluorescence-guided surgery for intracranial tumor resection relies on optical
contrast from the endogenous molecule, protoporphyrin IX. We present a
fluorescence-ratio detection method to localize sub-surface pathologies during
surgery. An analytical derivation is presented providing a closed form
expression that can be used to estimate the depth of fluorescent molecules based
on the spectral deformation of near-infrared measurements. Experimental data
acquired for tissue-simulating phantoms with a broad-beam non-contact
multi-spectral imaging system are presented. The method has been evaluated
intra-operatively for in vivo data acquisition during brain tumor resection.
Results are presented and an assessment of the method provided.
Monte Carlo based modeling of indocyanine green bolus tracking in the adult
human head
Paper 7896-13 of Conference 7896
Date: Sunday, 23 January 2011
Time: 2:10 PM 2:30 PM
Author(s): Jonathan T. Elliott, Mamadou Diop, Kenneth M. Tichauer, Lawson Health
Research Institute (Canada); Ting-Yim Lee, Robarts Research Institute (Canada);
Keith St. Lawrence, Lawson Health Research Institute (Canada)
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Following traumatic brain injury, complications that occur are mainly due to
compromised blood flow to the brain, leading to oxygen deprivation. Bedside
optical techniques have the potential to improve patient care in these
situations, because they can measure blood flow in the brain non-invasively
using a light-absorbing dye as a tracer. However, obtaining accurate
measurements from complex tissue structures like the human head is challenging.
Here we describe a theoretical model that can assess the ability of these
techniques to measure blood flow in a variety of clinical situations and we
present the results of some numerical experiments.
A construction of standardized near-infrared hyperspectral teeth database: a
first step in the development of reliable diagnostic tool for quantification and
early detection of caries
Paper 7884-13 of Conference 7884
Date: Sunday, 23 January 2011
Time: 2:20 PM 2:40 PM
Author(s): Miran Buermen, Ales Fidler, Peter Usenik, Franjo Pernu, Botjan
Likar, Univ. of Ljubljana (Slovenia)
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Several papers reported on near infrared spectroscopy to be a potentially useful
noninvasive spectroscopic technique for early detection of caries lesions.
However, the conducted studies were mostly qualitative and did not include the
critical assessment of the spectral variability of the sound and carious dental
tissues and influence of the water content. In order to characterize the
described spectral variability, a standardized hyper-spectral database was
constructed by imaging 12 extracted human teeth with natural lesions of various
degrees. By analyzing the acquired spectra we were able to accurately model the
spectral variability of the sound and carious dental tissues.
Continuous monitoring of absolute cerebral blood flow by combining diffuse
correlation spectroscopy with time-resolved near-infrared technology
Paper 7896-14 of Conference 7896
Date: Sunday, 23 January 2011
Time: 2:30 PM 2:50 PM
Author(s): Mamadou Diop, Lawson Health Research Institute (Canada); Ting-Yim
Lee, Robarts Research Institute (Canada); Keith St. Lawrence, Lawson Health
Research Institute (Canada)
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Monitoring brain blood flow is critical for optimizing recovery from
neurological emergencies such as stroke and trauma brain injury. Unfortunately,
a technique for continuously monitoring at the bedside has yet to be
established. Our group proposes to marry two novel optical techniques to
overcome this limitations: diffuse correlation spectroscopy to monitor relative
flow changes and a time-resolved near-infrared method for quantifying absolute
blood flow. Preliminary data demonstrated that the two techniques measured the
same increase in brain blood flow, demonstrating the potential of this hybrid
approach for bedside monitoring.
Opto-electrophoretic detection of bio-molecules using conducting chalcogenide
glass sensors
Paper 7894-38 of Conference 7894
Date: Sunday, 23 January 2011
Time: 2:40 PM 3:00 PM
Author(s): Pierre Lucas, Zhiyong Yang, Kelly A. Reynolds, The Univ. of Arizona
(United States); Marie-Laure Anne, Bruno Bureau, Univ. de Rennes 1 (France)
Hide Abstract Add to My Schedule
Novel telluride glasses with high electrical conductivity, wide infrared
transparency and good resistance to crystallization are used to design an
opto-electrophoretic sensor for detection and identification of hazardous
microorgansims. The sensor is based on an attenuated total reflectance element
made of Ge-As-Te glass that serves as both an optical sensing zone and an
electrode for driving the migration of bio-molecules within the evanescent wave
of the sensor. An electric field is applied between the optical element and a
counter electrode in order to induce the migration of bio-molecules carrying
surface charges. The effect of concentration and applied voltage is tested and
the migration effect is shown to be reversible upon switching the electric
field. The collected signal is of high quality and can be used to identify
different bacterial strain through statistical spectral analysis. This technique
therefore provides the ability to detect hazardous microorganism with high
specificity and high sensitivity in aqueous environments. This has great
potential for online monitoring of water quality.
Phasor representation of oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin concentrations at rest and
during brain activation
Paper 7896-15 of Conference 7896
Date: Sunday, 23 January 2011
Time: 2:50 PM 3:10 PM
Author(s): Feng Zheng, Michele Pierro, Angelo Sassaroli, Sergio Fantini, Tufts
Univ. (United States)
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We introduce a novel phasor representation of cerebral hemodynamic oscillations
at a specific frequency as measured by near-infrared spectroscopy. We have
initially focused our attention on spontaneous low frequency oscillations,
typically centered at 0.08-0.10 Hz in the brain of human subjects, and used
phasor notation to investigate spatio-temporal relationships of associated
cerebral [Hb] and [HbO] oscillations. In our initial measurements, we have found
that during rest and brain activation conditions, the low frequency oscillations
of [Hb] and [HbO] feature different relative phase values. We also explore the
potential of this novel analytical tool for the study of functional connectivity
networks.
Acetylene measurement using quantum cascade lasers at 14ตm
Paper 7945-19 of Conference 7945
Date: Sunday, 23 January 2011
Time: 2:55 PM 3:10 PM
Author(s): Johannes Herbst, Fraunhofer Institute Physical Measurement Techniques
(Germany); Benjamin Scherer, Ferdinand Singer, Jochen Erb, Armin Lambrecht,
Fraunhofer-Institut für Physikalische Messtechnik (Germany); Carsten Rathke,
Stefan Filip, Jürgen Kappler, ABB Automation GmbH (Germany); Peter Fuchs,
Johannes Koeth, nanoplus GmbH (Germany); Jochen Friedl, Julius-Maximilians-Univ.
Würzburg (Germany); Tobias Schlereth, Univ. Würzburg (Germany); J. Semmel, Sven
Höfling, Lukas Worschech, Alfred W. B. Forchel, Julius-Maximilians-Univ.
Würzburg (Germany)
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Monitoring of acetylene (C2H2) concentration is important for many chemical
processes. Fraunhofer IPM investigated the use of quantum cascade laser (QCL)
spectroscopy in the 14ตm range for a sensitive and fast specific detection of
C2H2. This spectral range is favorable to avoid spectral interferences by other
components which could be present in typical raw process gases. For these
purpose new DFB QCLs were developed and their spectral properties were
investigated. Performance characteristics determined with a laboratory setup of
a new QCL gas analyzer for low concentrations will be presented.
MBE growth and characterization of dilute nitrides for mid-infrared
optoelectronic devices
Paper 7945-21 of Conference 7945
Date: Sunday, 23 January 2011
Time: 3:45 PM 4:05 PM
Author(s): Martin I. de la Mare, Tony Krier, Qian Zhuang, Peter J. Carrington,
Lancaster Univ. (United Kingdom); Amalia Patane, The Univ. of Nottingham (United
Kingdom)
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Dilute nitride alloys have great potential for the development of optoelectronic
devices operating in the technologically important mid-infrared spectral range.
We report on the epitaxy of InAsNSb dilute nitride structures which exhibit
photoluminescence within the 2-5ตm wavelength region. The growth of InAsNSb is
of particular interest because one can envisage producing novel type I strain
balanced quantum wells on InAs substrates. The structural properties of the
resulting material were studied using electron microscopy and high resolution
X-ray diffraction. Detailed photoluminescence measurements were made over the
range from 4-300 K to investigate the InAsNSb optical properties and
luminescence efficiency.
Selective treatment of carious dentin using a mid-infrared tunable pulsed laser
at 6 ตm wavelength range
Paper 7884-20 of Conference 7884
Date: Sunday, 23 January 2011
Time: 5:10 PM 5:30 PM
Author(s): Masayuki Saiki, Katsunori Ishii, Osaka Univ. (Japan); Kazushi
Yoshikawa, Kenzo Yasuo, Kazuyo Yamamoto, Osaka Dental Univ. Hospital (Japan);
Kunio Awazu, Osaka Univ. (Japan) and Univ. of Fukui (Japan) and Kyoto Univ.
(Japan)
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The objective of this study is to develop the laser caries treatment based on
the concept of minimal intervention. From the absorption property of carious
dentin, a mid-infrared pulsed laser was tuned to the wavelengths of 6.02 and
6.42 ตm which correspond to amide I and amide II. Demineralized caries-like
dentin was removed selectively with less-invasive effect on sound dentin at both
wavelengths. Particularly at ?= 6.02 ตm, desirable ablation efficiency and
surface morphology were observed. 6.02 ตm is a promising wavelength for the
selective laser treatment of carious dentin.
Algorithmic depth compensation improves transverse resolution and quantification
in functional diffuse optical tomography
Paper 7896-82 of Conference 7896
Date: Sunday, 23 January 2011
Time: 5:30 PM
Author(s): Fenghua Tian, Haijing Niu, Sabin Khadka, Zi-Jing Lin, Hanli Liu, The
Univ. of Texas at Arlington (United States)
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Accurate depth localization of a regional activation has been a major challenge
in functional brain imaging by diffuse optical tomography (DOT) because the
photon density drops rapidly with increased depth in tissue. Recently we have
developed a depth compensation algorithm to improve the accuracy of depth
localization in DOT. In this paper, we first present a depth-compensation-based
approach to improve the quantification of absorption perturbation in DOT by
defining a spatial prior. Next, we present comprehensive analysis on the spatial
resolution of three-dimensional DOT without and with depth compensation. It
reveals that the depth compensation algorithm improves the resolution of DOT in
transverse direction. At last, we will further discuss how to improve the
spatial resolution by combining the depth compensation algorithm with
high-density measurement.
Combination of optical imaging with NIR fluorophore and sonogram in breast
cancer diagnosis
Paper 7886-45 of Conference 7886
Date: Sunday, 23 January 2011
Time: 5:30 PM
Author(s): Kuo-Chih Liao, Tsung-Hsien Yen, Gi-Da Lee, Yu-Hsiang Chou, National
Chung Hsing Univ. (Taiwan)
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The project will evaluate the potential of the combination imaging tools
(optical imaging with near infrared fluorophore, SIDAG, and sonogram) for
non-invasive, low facility requirement and low cost breast cancer diagnosis. The
average value of optical and echo signals from normal tissue, benign lesion
xenografts (extracellular membrane extract from the EHS mouse sarcoma) and
malignant tumor xenografts (MCF-7 cell) developed in nude mice will be recorded
and mapped for the following procedures: 1. Average threshold value of contrasts
among the normal tissue, benign lesion xenograft and malignant tumor xenograft
(screening). 2. Size and boundary of tumor tissue (staging of cancer). 3. Size
and boundary of tumor tissue before and after chemotherapy (evaluation of
treatment).
Experimental estimation of the sensitivity profile of time-resolved reflectance
measurement: a phantom study
Paper 7896-93 of Conference 7896
Date: Sunday, 23 January 2011
Time: 5:30 PM
Author(s): Piotr L. Sawosz, Michal Kacprzak, Institute of Biocybernetics and
Biomedical Engineering (Poland); Wojciech Weigl, Medical Univ. of Warsaw
(Poland); Norbert S. Zolek, Stanislaw Wojtkiewicz, Roman Maniewski, Adam
Liebert, Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering (Poland)
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We proposed a method for experimental estimation of distribution of light
penetration probability in an inhomogeneous tissue-phantom. A human head phantom
was constructed with the use of a skull filled with optically turbid liquid.
Time-gated, intensified CCD camera was used for imaging of the phantom in the
plane perpendicular to the direction of the incident light. Distribution of
visiting probability of photons virtually travelling between source and detector
was calculated by convolving the distributions of time of flight of photons
recorded for two source positions. Influence of inhomogeneities of the skull on
time-resolved distribution of light penetration probability was assessed.
Near-infrared fluorescent imaging to assess lymphatic function improvement after
advanced pneumatic compression device treatment of lymphedema
Paper 7890-50 of Conference 7890
Date: Sunday, 23 January 2011
Time: 5:30 PM
Author(s): Kristen E. Adams, Blake Niccum, Gabriel Dickinson, Merrick Bautista,
John C. Rasmussen, I-Chih Tan, Chinmay D. Darne, Melissa B. Aldrich, Milton V.
Marshall, Latisha A. Smith, Erik A. Maus, Caroline E. Fife, Renie Guilloid, The
Univ. of Texas Health Science Ctr. at Houston (United States); Sunday Hoy,
Tactile Systems Technology, Inc. (United States); Eva M. Sevick-Muraca, The
Univ. of Texas Health Science Ctr. at Houston (United States)
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Treatment of lymphedema with pneumatic compression device (PCD) therapy is
controversial due to the inability to directly measure treatment efficacy.
Employing near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging, we evaluated lymphatic
function response to PCD therapy in normal, control subjects and unilateral,
lymphedema subjects. Lymphatic transport improved in all control subjects and
untreated, asymptomatic arms of lymphedema subjects. In the lymphedema subjects,
lymphatic transport improved in 4 out of the 6 affected arms. PCDs can stimulate
lymphatic function and may be useful for treatment of lymphedema. NIR
fluorescence lymphatic imaging may provide direct evidence of therapeutic
efficacy.
Near-infrared spectroscopic system and fast inverse Monte Carlo algorithm for
endoscopic measurement of tubular tissue
Paper 7896-111 of Conference 7896
Date: Sunday, 23 January 2011
Time: 5:30 PM
Author(s): Xiaoqing Zhou, Huijuan Zhao, Zhichao Wang, Feng Gao, Tianjin Univ.
(China)
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A near infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopic system and an inverse
algorithm for deriving optical properties are developed. The system works on
frequency domain (FD) and a probe was specially designed for endoscopic
detection. Measurements for evaluating the accuracy of the system indicate that
the deviation in measuring the AC amplitude and phase lag is less than 3.7% and
6.7%, respectively. To eliminate the influence of the initial guess of optical
properties on the reconstruction accuracy, an inverse Monte Carlo simulation
algorithm with cluster analysis method was developed. Simulation results showed
that the relative errors of derivation are less than 6% and those of are less
than 10%. Endoscopic measurement on two tubular solid phantoms were also carried
out to evaluate the system and the inverse algorithm.
Temporal mapping and connectivity using NIRS for language-related tasks
Paper 7883E-121 of Conference 7883E
Date: Sunday, 23 January 2011
Time: 5:30 PM
Author(s): Michael Hall, Ujwal Chaudhary, Florida International Univ. (United
States); Gustavo Rey, Miami Children's Hospital (United States); Anuradha
Godavarty, Florida International Univ. (United States)
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Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) offers an invaluable tool to monitor the
functionality of the brain. The present study is aimed at using NIRS to
understand the functionality of the temporal cortex in response to
language-related tasks. A block-design based Word Expression and Word Reception
tasks were independently presented to the participants (15 normal subjects)
during the imaging study. Herein, the activation, connectivity, and
lateralization in the temporal cortex are correlated. In the future, the work is
focused to target the pediatric epileptic populations, where understanding the
temporal brain functionality in response to language is essential in
pre-surgical clinical environment.
Phonon and polaron enhanced IR-THz photodetectors
Paper 7945-34 of Conference 7945
Date: Monday, 24 January 2011
Time: 9:00 AM 9:20 AM
Author(s): Hui Chun Liu, Chun-Ying Song, Zbigniew R. Wasilewski, Margaret
Buchanan, National Research Council Canada (Canada)
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We investigate the active use of phonons and polarons for realizing new
optoelectronics devices. We present an application of the concept to
photodetection in the infrared-terahertz spectrum. The ability to design a
phonon or polaron is the first step in making use of them. We show this by a
model system employing the electron intersubband excitation in quantum wells
coupled with phonon modes. This results in a photodetector with a high response
at the selected wavelength.
Dynamic changes in brain hemodynamics and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen
during repeated squat-stand
Paper 7898-25 of Conference 7898
Date: Monday, 24 January 2011
Time: 9:20 AM 9:40 AM
Author(s): Haijing Niu, Lin Li, Gauri Suresh Bhave, The Univ. of Texas at
Arlington (United States); Rong Zhang, The Univ. of Texas at Dallas (United
States); Khosrow Behbehani, Hanli Liu, The Univ. of Texas at Arlington (United
States)
Hide Abstract Add to My Schedule
Brain hemodynamics and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) can be
quantified by a dual-modal brain imager. These quantified parameters may be used
as biomarkers to monitor early stage of autoregulation-related diseases, such as
Alzheimer's disease (AD) or obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). In this study, we
employed both TCD (Trans-cranial Doppler) and DOT (Diffuse Optical Tomography)
simultaneously as a combined brain imager so that a mathematical model can be
used to accurately quantify CMRO2. A squat-stand protocol was designed during
human control group study, and the results have shown significant changes in
cerebral hemodynamic parameters and CMRO2 during executing the protocol.
Functional near infrared brain imaging with a brush-fiber optode array to
improve study success rates on pediatric subjects with cerebral palsy
Paper 7883G-136 of Conference 7883G
Date: Monday, 24 January 2011
Time: 9:30 AM 9:50 AM
Author(s): Bilal Khan, The Univ. of Texas at Arlington (United States); Chester
Wildey, The Univ. of Texas at Dallas (United States); Fenghua Tian, Mario I.
Romero, The Univ. of Texas at Arlington (United States); Mauricio R. Delgado,
Nancy J. Clegg, Linsley Smith, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children (United
States); Hanli Liu, The Univ. of Texas at Arlington (United States); Duncan L.
MacFarlane, The Univ. of Texas at Dallas (United States); George Alexandrakis,
The Univ. of Texas at Arlington (United States)
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Neuroimaging techniques are useful to study neuroplastic rearrangements that
occur due to dysgenesis, early life injury, or response to treatment in children
with cerebral palsy (CP). However, the success rate of radiological imaging
studies is low due to motion artifacts. Functional near infrared imaging is
robust to motion artifacts but is challenged by scalp-optode optical contact
issues. We present novel brush-fiber optodes that overcome scalp contact issues
along with computational techniques needed to process such measurements in order
to avoid spatial resolution degradation due to larger optode sizes. Validation
measurements on children with CP and age-matched controls will be presented.
Optical imaging of signals evoked by infrared neural stimulation of the rat
brain.
Paper 7883G-146 of Conference 7883G
Date: Monday, 24 January 2011
Time: 9:50 AM 10:10 AM
Author(s): Jonathan M. Cayce, Vanderbilt Univ. (United States); Matthew
Bouchard, Brenda Chen, Columbia Univ. (United States); E. Duco Jansen,
Vanderbilt Univ. (United States); Elizabeth M. C. Hillman, Columbia Univ.
(United States); Anita Mahadevan-Jansen, Vanderbilt Univ. (United States)
Hide Abstract Add to My Schedule
Infrared neural stimulation has been well characterized as a novel method to
stimulate peripheral nerves without causing damage or inducing a stimulation
artifact. To further our understanding of INS induced signals in the brain,
multiwavelength optical imaging was used to assess components of the hemodynamic
response and calcium dynamics during INS. INS and electrical stimulation was
performed in the somatosensory cortex corresponding to the forepaw and hindpaw.
INS was performed at 1.875 micron light using repetition rates between 10 - 250
Hz for pulse trains ranging between 500 ms to 1000 ms. The resulting images were
compared for signal amplitude, spatial precision, and temporal precision between
different laser parameters.
Characterization of infrared neural stimulation in Aplysia californica
Paper 7883G-147 of Conference 7883G
Date: Monday, 24 January 2011
Time: 10:40 AM 11:00 AM
Author(s): Melanie A. Gault, Austin R. Duke, Vanderbilt Univ. (United States);
Hillel J. Chiel, Case Western Reserve Univ. (United States); E. Duco Jansen,
Vanderbilt Univ. (United States)
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Infrared neural stimulation (INS) has been shown to induce neural activity with
spatial selectivity without inducing a stimulation artifact or necessitating
tissue contact. Most experiments with this technology have been done in mammals,
but much is still unknown about INS. In this study, INS feasibility in Aplysia
is shown and characterized with respect to pulse durations ranging between
2.5-20 ms and repetition rates ranging between 0.5-15 hz. Any statistically
significant changes in thresholds among parameter levels are reported. Having
shown feasibility in Aplysia, we believe this is a useful model for further
studies to unravel the neurobiological mechanisms of INS.
2 W cw OPO in mid-IR pumped by OPSL laser intra-cavity radiation
Paper 7919-9 of Conference 7919
Date: Monday, 24 January 2011
Time: 11:45 AM 12:00 PM
Author(s): Andrea Caprara, Coherent, Inc. (United States)
Hide Abstract Add to My Schedule
Optically pumped semiconductor lasers (OPSL) are particularly suitable for
intra-cavity non-linear frequency generation. Multi-Watt second harmonic, and
sub-Watt third harmonic OPSL sources are commercially available in the visible
and ultra-violet spectrum. We present work extending the OPSL operation to the
mid infra-red by means of an intra-cavity pumped optical parametric oscillator.
An output power of 2 Watts at 3.47 microns is reported.
Nerve fiber recruitment in the context of hybrid neural stimulation
Paper 7883G-148 of Conference 7883G
Date: Monday, 24 January 2011
Time: 1:50 PM 2:10 PM
Author(s): Austin R. Duke, Vanderbilt Univ. (United States); Hui Lu, Michael W.
Jenkins, Case Western Reserve Univ. (United States); Melanie A. Gault,
Vanderbilt Univ. (United States); Jeff McManus, Hillel J. Chiel, Case Western
Reserve Univ. (United States); E. Duco Jansen, Vanderbilt Univ. (United States)
Hide Abstract Add to My Schedule
Recently, hybrid neural stimulation combining electrical and optical techniques
was shown to reduce optical stimulation thresholds as much as 3-fold while
maintaining spatial selectivity; thus overcoming the risk of thermally-induced
tissue damage associated with optical stimulation and the fundamental lack of
spatial specificity associated with electrical stimulation. To further develop
this technology, we need to better understand the spatial superposition of the
electrical and optical stimuli. We will present our investigation of the
recruitment of select neurons using infrared neural stimulation and electrical
stimulation in the context of developing the hybrid stimulation paradigm.
Silicon membrane photonic crystal microcavities for the mid-infrared
Paper 7946-11 of Conference 7946
Date: Monday, 24 January 2011
Time: 2:30 PM 2:50 PM
Author(s): Raji Shankar, Irfan Bulu, Marko Loncar, Harvard Univ. (United States)
Hide Abstract Add to My Schedule
We demonstrate the design, fabrication, and experimental characterization of
photonic crystal microcavities on a Si membrane platform. L3 photonic crystal
cavities with resonances centered around 4.4 ตm were designed using FDTD
software, with theoretical quality factors of about 5x103. E-beam lithography
and reactive ion etching were used to define the structures in the silicon
device layer of a 500-nm thick SOI wafer, and then a HF undercut was performed
to produce air bridged photonic crystal cavity structures. Resonant scattering
techniques were used to characterize these cavities, with measured quality
factors of around 2x103. This represents the first demonstration of mid-infrared
photonic crystal cavities in silicon, enabling a wide range of cavity-based
on-chip applications, especially in trace gas sensing.
Mid-infrared silicon photonic devices
Paper 7943-25 of Conference 7943
Date: Monday, 24 January 2011
Time: 3:20 PM 3:50 PM
Author(s): Goran Z. Mashanovich, Milan M. Milosevic, Milos Nedeljkovic, Nathan
Owens, William R. Headley, Univ. of Surrey (United Kingdom); Ee Jin Teo, Boqian
Xiong, National Univ. of Singapore (Singapore); Pengyuan Yang, Youfang Hu, Univ.
of Surrey (United Kingdom)
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The mid-infrared spectral region is interesting for bio-chemical sensing,
environmental monitoring, free space communications, or military applications.
Silicon is relatively low-loss from 1.2 to 8 ตm and from 24 to 100 ตm, and
therefore silicon photonic circuits can be used in mid- and far- infrared
wavelength ranges. In this paper we investigate several silicon based waveguide
structures for mid-infrared wavelength region including silicon-on-insulator
rib, ridge and strip waveguides, silicon on porous silicon waveguides, and
silicon-on-sapphire waveguides. We also present characterisation of devices
based on these waveguides.
Indocyanine green enhanced near-infrared laser treatment of SCK tumors in a
mouse model
Paper 7901-37 of Conference 7901
Date: Monday, 24 January 2011
Time: 3:45 PM 4:00 PM
Author(s): Gal Shafirstein, Univ. of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (United
States); Wolfgang Bäumler, Univ. Clinics Regensburg (Germany); Ran Friedman, K.
Barnes, Leah Hennings, Jessica Weber, Robert Griffin, Univ. of Arkansas for
Medical Sciences (United States)
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The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of indocyanine green
(ICG) dye in enhancing near infrared (NIR) laser ablation of tumors in a mouse
model. Tumors were treated with 808-nm laser using 86 J/cm2 radiant exposures
preceded by intravenous injection of 4 mg/kg body weight of ICG solution or
sterile water. No skin damage was observed in the treated animals. Minor thermal
damage and necrosis was observed histologically in the tumor post laser/water
treatment and substantial intra-tumor damage was observed in tissue collected
from tumors that were treated with laser/ICG.
Wavelength and code-division multiplexing in diffuse optical imaging
Paper 7896-36 of Conference 7896
Date: Monday, 24 January 2011
Time: 4:00 PM 4:20 PM
Author(s): Luca Ascari, Gianluca Berrettini, Sandro Iannaccone, Scuola Superiore
Sant'Anna (Italy); Matteo Giacalone, Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per
le Telecomunicazioni (Italy); Davide Contini, Lorenzo Spinelli, Politecnico di
Milano (Italy); Maria Giovanna Trivella, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
(Italy); Antonio L'Abbate, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna (Italy); Luca Potí,
Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni (Italy)
Hide Abstract Add to My Schedule
A novel approach to time resolved diffuse optical imaging, based on the use of
wavelength and code division multiplexing is described; this approach, called
WS-CDM (wavelength and space code division mltiplexing), promises better
performances in terms of signal to noise ratio and acquisition speed, and lower
costs compared to both the conventional time-resolved and more recent
pseudo-random spread spectrum systems. Parallel acquisition of several
wavelengths and from several locations is achievable. Simulations results and
preliminary validation on phantom are presented and discussed.
Radio-frequency circuit design and performance evaluation for small animal,
frequency domain, NIR fluorescence optical tomography
Paper 7896-37 of Conference 7896
Date: Monday, 24 January 2011
Time: 4:20 PM 4:40 PM
Author(s): Chinmay D. Darne, Banghe Zhu, Yujie Lu, I-Chih Tan, John C.
Rasmussen, Eva M. Sevick-Muraca, The Univ. of Texas Health Science Ctr. at
Houston (United States)
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Fluorescence optical tomographic reconstruction from efficient time-dependent
measurements involves acquisition measurements through frequency domain photon
migration (FDPM) technique. This work focuses on the development and performance
evaluation of a rf-circuitry that provides time-dependent information of
modulation amplitude and phase shift for tomographic reconstruction. Performance
parameters such as its SNR, spatial resolution of measurements, modulation depth
(ac/dc) and acquisition time are analyzed prior to incorporation into the gantry
of a micro-CT/PET scanner. Incorporation of the rf-circuitry in the CT gantry
enables direct quantifiable comparison of the optical tomography values of
distribution of dual labeled conjugates using PET imaging as a "gold-standard"
measure.
Accurate simulation algorithm of imperfect polarizers combination attenuator
Paper 7941-18 of Conference 7941
Date: Monday, 24 January 2011
Time: 4:40 PM 5:00 PM
Author(s): Chong Huang, Haiqing Chen, Shuang Zhao, Binbing Liu, Huazhong Univ.
of Science and Technology (China)
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The precise attenuation ratio expression of imperfect polarizers combination
attenuator (PCA) is proposed based on the Jones Space method. In the infrared
target distance simulation in from 2 to 5ตm, the analysis of the error in
expressing attenuation ratio of the PCA presents that when the angle between the
two transmission axes increases to near 90?, the attenuation ratio of this
expression is obviously more precise than Malus's Law. Theoretical and
experimental results indicate that compared to using traditional expression to
calculate the attenuation ratio, simulation algorithm with this expression
significantly reduces the simulation error from 50% to 5%.
Attenuation of motion artifact in near infrared spectroscopy signals using a
wavelet based method
Paper 7890-21 of Conference 7890
Date: Monday, 24 January 2011
Time: 4:40 PM 5:00 PM
Author(s): Behnam Molavi, Babak Shadgan M.D., Guy D. Dumont, The Univ. of
British Columbia (Canada)
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Sensitivity of Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) signal to motion artifacts can
limit the utilization of NIRS in practical applications. We propose a new
wavelet based method for removing movement artifacts from NIRS signals. We
tested the method on experimental data collected from leg muscle in 3 patients
undergoing leg fracture operation. We compared the performance of our method
with that of median and lowpass filtering. The results show an average of 18.32
dB attenuation in motion artifacts energy for our test subjects with the
proposed method without introducing significant distortion in artifact-free
regions of the signal.
Skeletal muscle oxygenation assessment by near-infrared spectroscopy in
intensive care medicine
Paper 7890-22 of Conference 7890
Date: Monday, 24 January 2011
Time: 5:00 PM 5:20 PM
Author(s): Chun-Yang Wang, National Chiao Tung Univ. (Taiwan); Shinn-Jye Liang,
Ming-Lung Chuang, China Medical Univ. Hospital (Taiwan); Ching-Cheng Chuang,
National Taiwan Univ. (Taiwan); Yao-Sheng Hsieh, Chia-Wei Sun, National Chiao
Tung Univ. (Taiwan)
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In intensive care unit, sepsis and heart failure are the familiar disease of
microcirculation. To investigate the disease-induced changes of local metabolic
rate and local tissue perfusion adequacy, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was
used for measuring the oxygenation signals on brachioradial muscle during a
venous occlusion test (VOT). In this study, the oxygenation signals in ischemic
and reperfusion phase via oxygenation response with time-variant pressure VOT
(20-50 mmHg) in patients of sepsis, patients of heart failure show obvious
different hemodynamics. The oxygenation signal plays an important role to assess
the adequacy of oxygen delivery to and oxygen extraction from the
microcirculation. Therefore, the measurement can provide a vital sign for
clinical diagnosis by quantitative analysis of disease-induced changes from
peripheral tissue oxygenation measurement.
Chemical mechanisms and electrical characteristics of C60/Al and C60/LiF/Al
cathodes studied by electron spin resonance, infrared reflection-absorption, and
impedance spectroscopy
Paper 7935-17 of Conference 7935
Date: Monday, 24 January 2011
Time: 5:10 PM 5:30 PM
Author(s): Eric D. Glowacki, Johannes Kepler Univ. Linz (Austria) and Univ. of
Rochester (United States); Kenneth L. Marshall, Ching W. Tang, Univ. of
Rochester (United States); Niyazi S. Sariciftci, Johannes Kepler Univ. Linz
(Austria)
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We report our investigations of chemical mechanisms responsible for improved
electron injection from LiF|Al cathodes into fullerene thin films. Electron spin
resonance (ESR) and infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS) are
utilized to characterize C60|Al and C60|LiF|Al interfaces. ESR shows that
deposition of LiF followed by Al generates C60 radical anions with 1-mol%
conversion to C60-1, and also an additional paramagnetic species of lower
concentration. IRRAS clarifies the mechanism occurring at the interface, showing
that interaction between LiF and C60 followed by deposition of Al causes LiF
clusters to break apart. We correlate ESR data with observed electrical
characteristics.
Effect of 1125-nm laser radiation on porcine skin
Paper 7897-20 of Conference 7897
Date: Monday, 24 January 2011
Time: 5:10 PM 5:30 PM
Author(s): Kathleen Mcmillan, gRadiant Research, LLC (United States)
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In this work, a new prototype 1125 nm quantum dot diode laser is tested on
porcine skin and subcutaneous tissue. Fresh tissue specimens are irradiated and
the extent of heating and thermal injury is characterized by temperature
monitoring and vital staining. Irradiation times from subsecond to tens of
seconds are employed, along with surface cooling at various temperatures. The
ability to localize damage at dermal and subcutaneous depths by varying laser
parameters is characterized, and compared to the results of mathematical
modeling using literature values for optical constants and thermal properties.
An effective method based on reference zone for glucose sensing at 1100-1600 nm
Paper 7906A-17 of Conference 7906A
Date: Monday, 24 January 2011
Time: 5:30 PM
Author(s): Jiaxiang Zheng, Yue Yang, Kexin Xu, Tianjin Univ. (China)
Hide Abstract Add to My Schedule
Non-invasive blood glucose sensing by near-infrared spectroscopy is easily
interrupted by the strong background variations compared to the weak glucose
signals. In this work, we designed a corresponding optical probe with two
detecting zones: a reference zone and a measuring zone. Using the probe, the
vitro experiment was conducted in the intralipid solution at 1100-1600nm to
build the partial lease-square model. As a result, the corrected model built by
two detecting zones has much higher prediction accuracy than the PLS model built
by the signal of the measuring zone.
Development of a hand-held 3D photoacoustic imaging system for breast cancer
detection
Paper 7899-149 of Conference 7899
Date: Monday, 24 January 2011
Time: 5:30 PM
Author(s): Hazem A. Al-Aabed, Michael B. Roumeliotis, Jeffrey J. Carson, Lawson
Health Research Institute (Canada)
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Photoacoustic(PA)imaging is a non-invasive imaging modality that employs
non-ionizing near infrared(NIR)laser light to obtain optical images of tissues
with depth penetration and resolution comparable to ultrasound imaging. We have
constructed a transportable PA imaging system suitable for breast imaging. The
system incorporates a hand-held transducer array with 30 detector elements
arranged on a ring. It is anticipated that the small hand-held PA imaging unit
will be amenable to patient work-up and would complement standard ultrasound
imaging.
Discriminant analysis of milk adulteration based on infrared spectroscopy and
pattern recognition
Paper 7906A-18 of Conference 7906A
Date: Monday, 24 January 2011
Time: 5:30 PM
Author(s): Rong Liu, Guorong Lv, Bin He, Kexin Xu, Tianjin Univ. (China)
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Since the beginning of the 21st century, the issue of food safety is becoming a
global concern. It is very important to develop a rapid, cost-effective, and
widely available method for food adulteration detection. In this paper, infrared
spectroscopy techniques and pattern recognition were applied to study the
qualitative discriminant analysis method.
Infrared spectroscopic imaging of prostate and kidney tumor tissue
Paper 7902-69 of Conference 7902
Date: Monday, 24 January 2011
Time: 5:30 PM
Author(s): Valdas Sablinskas, Vilnius Univ. (Lithuania); Gerald Steiner, Eric
Koch, Technische Univ. Dresden (Germany); Justinas Ceponkus, Milda Pucetaite,
Simona Strazdaite, Vidita Urboniene, Feliksas Jankevicius, Vilnius Univ.
(Lithuania)
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Infrared spectroscopic imaging of cancerous kidney tissue was performed by means
of FTIR microscopy. The spectra of thin tissue cryosections were collected with
64x64 MCT FPA detector and imaging area was increased up to 5.4x5.4 mm by
mapping by means of PC controlled x,y stage. Chemical images of the samples were
constructed using statistical treatment of the raw spectra. Several unsupervised
and supervised statistical methods were used. The imaging results are compared
with results of the standard histopathological analysis. It was concluded that
application of method of cluster analysis ensures the best contrast of the
images. It was found that border between cancerous and normal tissues visible in
the infrared spectroscopic image corresponds with the border visible in
histopathological image. Closer examination of the infrared spectroscopic image
reveals that small domains of cancerous cells are found beyond the border in
areas distant from the border up to 3 mm.
Transillumination of subcutaneous adipose tissues using near-infrared
hyperspectral imaging in the 1100-1800-nm wavelength range
Paper 7902-65 of Conference 7902
Date: Monday, 24 January 2011
Time: 5:30 PM
Author(s): Katsunori Ishii, Akiko Kitayabu, Yohei Kobayashi, Norihiro Honda,
Osaka Univ. (Japan); Kunio Awazu, Osaka Univ. (Japan) and Univ. of Fukui (Japan)
and Kyoto Univ. (Japan)
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In this study, we constructed the NIR-HSI system and the high-contrast
subcutaneous adipose tissue imaging was conducted in-vitro. The NIR super
continuum light was delivered to a grating spectrometer and irradiated to the
sample. Diffuse reflection light was detected by the InGaAs CCD. In the
processed images of characteristic absorption wavelength bands (1200 nm and 1700
nm), subcutaneous adipose tissue was observed through a skin. In a hyperspectral
image by another processing using all wavelengths measured by NIR-HSI, a
high-contrast image of subcutaneous adipose tissue is also obtained. NIR-HSI
system is a powerful diagnostic technique for adipose tissues distribution.
Infrared scanning white light interferometry using a solid state light source
Paper 7928-8 of Conference 7928
Date: Tuesday, 25 January 2011
Time: 8:40 AM 9:00 AM
Author(s): Ville Heikkinen, Ben Wälchli, Heikki Räikkönen, Juha P. Aaltonen,
Ivan Kassamakov, Edward Hæggström, Univ. of Helsinki (Finland)
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Scanning White Light Interferometry (SWLI) allows surface characterization of
MEMS components. With transparent samples SWLI can image multiple stacked layer
structures. However, since silicon is opaque for visible wavelengths, only the
top layer can be measured using visible light. We combined multiple infrared
light emitting diodes (IR-LEDs) to achieve adjustable IR illumination. This
allows simultaneous measurement of top and bottom surfaces of silicon samples -
such as MEMS - using the SWLI equipped with an IR camera. This advances the
state of the art of the field of MEMS characterization by allowing measurement
of the devices during the operation.
Bioconjugated ICG-micellar nanocapsules as translational fluorescent agents for
in-vivo optical molecular imaging
Paper 7910-25 of Conference 7910
Date: Tuesday, 25 January 2011
Time: 9:10 AM 9:30 AM
Author(s): Yong-Ping Chen, The Johns Hopkins Univ. (United States); Kyle L.
Davis, North Carolina State Univ. (United States); Michelle Garner, Tulane Univ.
(United States); Xingde Li, The Johns Hopkins Univ. (United States)
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To enable bioconjugation for tumor targeting and molecular imaging, the (PEO)-OH
terminals on the corona of the ICG-micelles are pre-activated and then
conjugated with antibodies. Recently in vivo fluorescence imaging of
tumor-bearing mice with bioconjugated ICG-micelles has demonstrated strong
enhancement in molecular specificity when comparing with nonconjugated
ICG-micelles or free ICG. The bio-functionalized ICG-nanocapsules hold strong
promise for translating optical molecular imaging to in vivo clinical practice.
Multispectral imaging system for imaging O2Hb and HHb concentration changes in
tissue for various clinical applications
Paper 7890-26 of Conference 7890
Date: Tuesday, 25 January 2011
Time: 9:20 AM 9:40 AM
Author(s): John H. Klaessens, Rowland de Roode, Univ. Medical Ctr. Utrecht
(Netherlands); Rudolf Verdaasdonk, Vrije Univ. Medical Ctr. (Netherlands); Herke
J. Noordmans, Univ. Medical Ctr. Utrecht (Netherlands)
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Non-invasive, non-contact imaging techniques are useful to observe local
variations in temperature, oxygenation and blood perfusion over large tissue
areas. In this study, three oxygenation imaging methods using either a
multi-spectral filter or a tunable LED array light source were evaluated.
Narrowband images obtained from controlled in vivo perfusion changes in the skin
concentration were used to calculate the changes in hemoglobin concentration
(dO2Hb and dHHb). The relative changes in oxygenation and temperature could be
clearly observed in good correlation with the physiological condition. The
algorithms and data collection/processing can be optimized to enable a real-time
diagnostic technique.
Synthesis and characterization of CdHgTe/SiO2 nanoparticles for in-vivo study of
their dynamic distribution in mouse model
Paper 7910-26 of Conference 7910
Date: Tuesday, 25 January 2011
Time: 9:30 AM 9:50 AM
Author(s): Haiyan Chen, Sisi Cui, Yueqing Gu, China Pharmaceutical Univ. (China)
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In this study, CdHgTe/SiO2 core-shell nanoparticles were synthesized by coating
of silylating reagent on the surface of CdHgTe QDs. The size change after
coating a silica shell had been characterized by laser size analyzer.
Photoluminescence studies showed that the silica shell resulted in a minor
decline of fluorescence intensity and greatly increased photostability in
phosphate-buffered saline buffers. Acute toxicity study indicated the obvious
toxicity reduction of CdHgTe QDs after coating with silica shell. The dynamic
bio-distribution of CdHgTe/SiO2 nanoparticles in living mouse was in vivo
monitored by a NIR imaging system. Results indicated the liver-intestine
metabolic pathway of these Nanoparticles.
Assessing dynamic vascular changes in breast tissue in response to
subject-specific hyperoxic and hypercarbic gas inhalation based upon end-tidal
expiration
Paper 7896-46 of Conference 7896
Date: Tuesday, 25 January 2011
Time: 10:40 AM 11:00 AM
Author(s): Shudong Jiang, Brian W. Pogue, Michael A. Mastanduno, Kelly E.
Michaelsen, Dartmouth College (United States); Tracy E. Frazee, Dartmouth
Hitchcock Medical Ctr. (United States); Keith D. Paulsen, Dartmouth College
(United States); Steven P. Poplack, Wendy A. Wells, Roberta M.
diFlorio-Alexander, Peter A. Kaufman, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Ctr. (United
States)
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The dynamic vascular changes in the breast due to the prospective targeted and
sustained end-tidal pO2 and pCO2 variation were imaged by a fast frame rate
frequency domain tomographic system. We obtain information on the variation in
dynamic vascular changes as a function of age and breast density and the time
dependence of dynamic changes within the breast during hyperoxia, hypercarbia
and recovery periods, basing the change upon end-tidal values instead of
administered gas values.
Microbolometers for thermography and night vision markets
Paper 7930-11 of Conference 7930
Date: Tuesday, 25 January 2011
Time: 10:40 AM 11:10 AM
Author(s): Eric Mounier, Yole Développement (France)
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Driven by cost reductions and new commercial applications, new companies from
the MEMS business are entering the Uncooled IR market. We have estimated the
volumes of camera sold will triple by 2015 and the revenue growth will be about
+ 9% as market prices for the cameras decrease. MEMS-based microbolometers will
be the dominant uncooled IR detector technology with already more than 95 % of
the market in 2010. Today, more than 75 % of the production is based in USA, due
the original development of the technology by US Defense Department. But this
landscape will change in the next five years as many new players (Sensonor, Faun
Infrared, Bosch ...), focusing only on selling detectors, often in Europe, will
enter on the market place with aggressive price strategies. Microbolometers
technical trends will be reviewed as well: Wafer Level Packaging, Pixel Level
Packaging, pixel size reduction, 3D integration.
Asymmetric InAs/GaSb superlattice pin photodiode to improve temperature
operation
Paper 7945-55 of Conference 7945
Date: Tuesday, 25 January 2011
Time: 11:00 AM 11:20 AM
Author(s): Philippe Christol, Cyril Cervera, Jean Baptiste Rodriguez, Univ.
Montpellier 2 (France); Katarzyna Jaworowicz, Isabelle Ribet-Mohamed, ONERA
(France)
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A MWIR asymmetric InAs/GaSb superlattice pin photodiode was fabricated by MBE on
p-type GaSb substrate and characterized as a function of temperature. The SL
structure was made of 7.5 InAs monolayers (MLs) and 3.5 GaSb MLs, for a total
thickness of 1 ตm and exhibits at 80K a cut-off wavelength of 5.5ตm. A set of
electro-optical characterizations including dark current, spectral response and
quantum efficiency were performed on single detectors. As a result, R0A product
reaches 1x106?.cm2 at 77K and analysis of dark current characteristics shows
that the diode is diffusion limited above 140K and generation-recombination
limited below 140K.
Room temperature photovoltaic response of split-off band infrared detectors with
a graded barrier
Paper 7945-56 of Conference 7945
Date: Tuesday, 25 January 2011
Time: 11:20 AM 11:40 AM
Author(s): A. G. Unil Perera, Steven G. Matsik, P. K. Duleepa D. P. Pitigala,
Yan-Feng Lao, Georgia State Univ. (United States); Suraj P. Khanna, Lianhe Li,
Edmund H. Linfield, Univ. of Leeds (United Kingdom); Zbigniew R. Wasilewski,
Margaret Buchanan, Xiaohua Wu, Hui Chun Liu, National Research Council Canada
(Canada)
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Dark current reduction in split-off band detectors using photovoltaic operation
proposed. A graded barrier is used to produce an asymmetric band structure.
Differences in transport probabilities in the two directions lead to the
generation of a built-in potential in the device that is used for detection.
Preliminary measurements made on a detector with a single graded barrier show a
response of ~1.2 mV and a strong current when illuminated with an IR lamp.
Possible improvements to increase the response including optimization of the
graded barrier and the use of multiple periods will be discussed.
Enhancing the performance of infrared detectors for space applications
Paper 7945-57 of Conference 7945
Date: Tuesday, 25 January 2011
Time: 11:40 AM 12:00 PM
Author(s): David A. Cardimona, Danhong Huang, Mayor Landau, Chris P. Morath,
Brian P. Feller, Air Force Research Lab. (United States)
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At the Air Force Research Laboratory's Space Vehicles Directorate, we are
investigating how nanostructured metal surfaces can produce plasmon-enhanced
fields to improve detectivity of a detector material placed directly below the
metal surface. We are also investigating a wavelength-tunable detector scheme
that involves a coupled double quantum well structure, and tunable filters using
metamaterials. Not only might these new metamaterials present us a way to tune
the light that is incident upon a detector, but such research might also lead to
ways to obtain sub-diffraction-limit resolution and the concentration of light
using flat lenses for increased signal-to-noise ratios.
Heterogeneous GaSb/SOI mid-infrared photonic integrated circuits for
spectroscopic applications
Paper 7945-58 of Conference 7945
Date: Tuesday, 25 January 2011
Time: 1:30 PM 1:50 PM
Author(s): Nannicha Hattasan, Univ. Gent (Belgium); Laurent Cerutti,
Jean-Baptiste Rodriguez, Eric Tournie, Univ. Montpellier 2 (France); Dries Van
Thourhout, Günther Roelkens, Univ. Gent (Belgium)
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We report our work on the integration of GaSb-based epitaxy on
Silicon-on-insulator (SOI) waveguide circuit based on a die-to-wafer bonding
technology with DVS-BCB used as bonding agent. We demonstrate the integration of
GaSb-based photodetectors on SOI waveguide circuits (responsivity >0.4A/W). The
device is designed based on an evanescent coupling approach, in which light is
coupled from the SOI waveguide to the absorbing GaSb-based layer when phase
matching occurs. We also show that with our bonding approach, ~150 nm bonding
thickness is easily achievable.
Illumination system design for hyperspectral imaging
Paper 7891-27 of Conference 7891
Date: Tuesday, 25 January 2011
Time: 1:50 PM 2:10 PM
Author(s): Jaka Katranik, Franjo Pernu, Botjan Likar, Univ. of Ljubljana
(Slovenia)
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Hyperspectral imaging is becoming a popular tool in the biomedical field. As in
all imaging systems, illumination is one of the most important factors affecting
the acquired image quality. In hyperspectral imaging the aim is to acquire the
spectral signature of all parts of the object. Therefore the whole object must
be equally well illuminated - eliminating shadows and specular reflections,
while maintaining a high degree of light efficiency. The light illuminating the
object must be completely spectrally, spatially and angularly homogeneous. A
design that achieves optimal homogeneity of these parameters, while still
maintaining a high degree of efficiency is presented.
Strained Layer Superlattice (SLS) single and dual color Focal Plane Arrays
(FPAs) at Teledyne Imaging Sensors
Paper 7945-60 of Conference 7945
Date: Tuesday, 25 January 2011
Time: 2:10 PM 2:30 PM
Author(s): Allan J. Evans, Andrew D. Hood, Paul H. Kobrin, William E. Tennant,
Teledyne Imaging Sensors (United States)
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Infrared imaging sensors based on InAs/GaSb Strained Layer Superlattice (SLS)
detectors are a very promising, emerging technology that offer the potential of
higher temperature operation and design flexibility without the performance
tradeoffs found in existing detectors today. This talk will present the most
recet results in the development of SLS-based FPAs. Teledyne has recently
demonstrated single color, LWIR (~10ตm cutoff at 78K), SLS detectors with high
quantum efficiency and dark current that is within a factor of 13 of the best
Auger-limited HgCdTe detectors. In addition to single wavelength detectors,
Teledyne is currently developing MWIR/LWIR two-color detectors and fabricating
both 256x256 and 1kx1k FPAs .
3D tomographic breast imaging using a handheld optical imager
Paper 7896-53 of Conference 7896
Date: Tuesday, 25 January 2011
Time: 2:30 PM 2:50 PM
Author(s): Sarah Erickson, Sergio Martinez, Jean Gonzalez, Manuela Roman, Annie
Nunez, Anuradha Godavarty, Florida International Univ. (United States)
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Hand-held optical imagers are developed toward clinical imaging of breast
tissue. However, the optical devices are not able to coregister the image to the
tissue geometry for 3D tomography. We have developed a hand-held optical imager
which has demonstrated coregistered imaging and 3D tomography in phantoms, and
validated coregistered imaging in normal human subjects. Herein, extensive
studies are performed to improve the accuracy of coregistered imaging of normal
human subjects. Currently 3D tomography analysis is carried out using the
coregistered images. The results will demonstrate the potential to perform
automated coregistered imaging and feasibility of 3D tomographic imaging in
vivo.
Defect density reduction in InAs/GaSb type II superlattice focal plane array
infrared detectors
Paper 7945-61 of Conference 7945
Date: Tuesday, 25 January 2011
Time: 2:30 PM 2:50 PM
Author(s): Martin Walther, Robert H. Rehm, Johannes Schmitz, Jasmin Niemasz,
Frank Rutz, Andreas Wörl, Lutz Kirste, Fraunhofer-Institut für Angewandte
Festkörperphysik (Germany); Ralf Scheibner, Joachim C. Wendler, Johann Ziegler,
AIM Infrarot-Module GmbH (Germany)
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An essential point for the performance of two-dimensional InAs/GaSb short-period
superlattices (SL) focal plane infrared detectors is the number of defective
pixel. Sources for pixel outages are manifold and might be caused by the
dislocation in the substrate, the epitaxial growth process or by imperfections
during the focal plane array fabrication process. To examine the crystalline
quality of 3'' and 4''GaSb substrates, synchrotron white beam X-ray topography
(SWBXRT) was employed. Optical characterization techniques for defect
characterization after MBE growth reveal a good correlation of epitaxially grown
defects with the detector performance after hybridization with the read-out
integrated circuit.
Fabrication and testing of MEMS-based optical filter combined with HgCdTe
detector
Paper 7930-19 of Conference 7930
Date: Tuesday, 25 January 2011
Time: 2:50 PM 3:10 PM
Author(s): Dmitry A. Kozak, Univ. of California, Santa Cruz (United States) and
EPIR Technologies, Inc. (United States); Silviu Velicu, EPIR Technologies, Inc.
(United States); Joel Kubby, Univ. of California, Santa Cruz (United States)
Hide Abstract Add to My Schedule
We present results for an integrated micro-opto-electro-mechanical device
consisting of a Fabry-Perot interferometer with germanium and silicon oxide
quarter-wavelength Bragg stack mirrors and a HgCdTe detector suitable for
operation in MWIR range. Fabrication methods for the opto-mechanical components
are developed, with special emphasis on wafer-scale production. Following
discussion of the fabrication of the optical components, we present optical
testing of several configurations and correlation to theoretical and simulation
results. Stress induced by deposition of optical coatings and its effect on the
opto- mechanical behavior of the device is investigated. A process flow for the
opto-mechanical component is developed. A device geometry for future integration
with HgCdTe and IC layers is discussed.
Near-infrared dipyrrin-based fluorogenic chelators for metal ions
Paper 7910-32 of Conference 7910
Date: Tuesday, 25 January 2011
Time: 3:30 PM 3:50 PM
Author(s): Sergei A. Vinogradov, Sujatha Thyagarajan, Univ. of Pennsylvania
(United States); Brahma Ghosh, Anna V. Moore, Harvard Medical School (United
States); Andrei V. Cheprakov, Lomonosov Moscow State Univ. (Russian Federation)
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We report a family of new dipyrrin-based fluorogenic chelators for Zn and other
metal ions. The spectral properties of the new family of dipyrrins are tunable
over the visible/near infrared range by way of annealing of the pyrrolic
residues with external aromatic fragments. The fluorescence of
metalldipyrrinates can be switched on and off upon changing the mode of metal
coordination. Water-soluble dendritic pi-extended dipyrrins were prepared and
evaluated as turn-on fluorescent sensors for Zn2+ showing micromolar binding
affinity and bright fluorescence in aqueous solutions.
Ho:YAG laser pumped walk-off compensated mid-infrared ZGP optical parametric
oscillation
Paper 7917-21 of Conference 7917
Date: Tuesday, 25 January 2011
Time: 4:00 PM 4:20 PM
Author(s): Xiaodong Mu, Helmuth E. Meissner, Huai-Chuan Lee, Onyx Optics Inc.
(United States)
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We have demonstrated a novel folded linear resonator for walk-off compensated
(WOC) optical parametric oscillation (OPO) in a single ZGP crystal. The OPO uses
the doubled ZGP crystal length in a WOC configuration meanwhile has simplified
requirements on crystal alignment. With a Q-switched Ho:YAG laser as a pump
source, a maximum output power of 1.72 W at a wavelength of 4.67 um has been
measured at a pump power of 11.7 W in a 15-mm long type-I phase-matched ZGP
crystal. The measured OPO quantum slope efficiency is above 50%.
Lateral diffusion of minority carriers in InAsSb-based nBn detectors
Paper 7945-65 of Conference 7945
Date: Tuesday, 25 January 2011
Time: 4:15 PM 4:30 PM
Author(s): Elena Plis, Stephen Myers, Maya N. Kutty, Julien Mailfert, Ctr. for
High Technology Materials (United States); Edward P. Smith, Scott Johnson,
Raytheon Vision Systems (United States); Sanjay Krishna, Ctr. for High
Technology Materials (United States)
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InAsSb is a good candidate for the development of room temperature MWIR
photodetectors. We report on the investigation of lateral diffusion of minority
carriers in nBn InAsSb detectors. Diffusion lengths (DL) were extracted from
temperature dependent I-V measurements. The behavior of DL as a function of
applied bias, temperature, and composition of the barrier layer was
investigated. The obtained results suggest that lateral diffusion of minority
carriers is not the limiting factor for nBn InAsSb MWIR detector performance at
high temperatures (>200K). The detector with AlAs0.1Sb0.9 barrier has
demonstrated values of DL as low as 7um (Vb = 0.05V) at 240K.
Development of a mid-infrared tunable optical parametric oscillator pumped by a
Q-switched Tm,Ho:YAG laser
Paper 7917-22 of Conference 7917
Date: Tuesday, 25 January 2011
Time: 4:20 PM 4:40 PM
Author(s): Hisanao Hazama, Osaka Univ. (Japan); Masaki Yumoto, Takayo Ogawa,
Satoshi Wada, RIKEN (Japan); Kunio Awazu, Osaka Univ. (Japan)
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Resonant absorption of light due to a variety of different molecular bond with
each specific vibration frequency occurs in the mid-infrared (MIR) wavelength
region of 5-10 ตm. Many medical and biological applications using the selective
absorption in the MIR wavelength region have been reported with free electron
lasers (FELs) and solid-state lasers using difference-frequency generation
(DFG). However, the size and the cost of equipments have been prevented FELs and
DFG based solid-state lasers from practical applications. Therefore, we have
developed a compact tunable MIR laser using an optical parametric oscillator
pumped at a wavelength of 2.1 ตm.
Gamma-ray irradiation effects on InAs/GaSb-based nBn IR detector
Paper 7945-66 of Conference 7945
Date: Tuesday, 25 January 2011
Time: 4:30 PM 4:45 PM
Author(s): Vincent M. Cowan, Christian P. Morath, Seth M. Swift, Air Force
Research Lab. (United States); Stephen Myers, Nutan Gautam, Sanjay Krishna, Ctr.
for High Technology Materials (United States)
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For space based imaging systems total ionizing dose (TID) radiation hardness
continues to be a major performance concern. This paper will present an nBn IR
detectors tolerance to TID and proton radiation. The nBn detector under test is
composed of an InAs/GaSb SLS absorber (n) and contacts (n) with AlxGa1-xSb
barrier (B) grown by solid source molecular beam epitaxy. Both proton induced
surface and bulk radiation effects for the nBn IR detector will be characterized
in this paper. To the best of our knowledge this is the first time that the TID
hardness has been measured for an nBn detector.
Intelligent sensor for color and proximity control in solid state lighting
applications
Paper 7954-10 of Conference 7954
Date: Tuesday, 25 January 2011
Time: 4:30 PM 4:50 PM
Author(s): Alex Gourevitch, Thomas Thurston, Rajiv Singh, Bartosz Banachowicz,
Vladimir Korobov, Cliff Drowley, Cypress Semiconductor Corp. (United States)
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We have demonstrated a single-chip light sensor consisting of photo-diode arrays
connected to a programmable system-on-chip (PSoC). PSOCs products integrate
analog and digital peripheral functions, memory, and a micro-controller.
Applications for this light sensor include LED color control in light-mixing
applications, and proximity sensing. For color control, the sensor is configured
with color filters and the PSOC is programmed to compensate for LED shifts due
to temperature, dimming, aging, and binning uncertainty. For proximity sensing,
the photo-diode array is configured with a novel near-infrared optical filter
that passes wavelengths between 700-1100nm.
Generation of watt level mid-infrared wavelengths using intracavity ZnGeP2 OPO
within a 2.1ตm Ho:YAG laser
Paper 7917-23 of Conference 7917
Date: Tuesday, 25 January 2011
Time: 4:40 PM 5:00 PM
Author(s): Lihao Tan, Nanyang Technological Univ. (Singapore) and DSO National
Labs. (Singapore); Poh Boon Phua, DSO National Labs. (Singapore) and Nanyang
Technological Univ. (Singapore)
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We would like to report on watt level mid-infrared (MIR) wavelength generation
using intracavity ZnGeP_2 (ZGP) optical parametrical oscillator (OPO) within a
2.1ตm Ho:YAG Laser. With the same laser setup, watt level of both 2.1ตm and MIR
wavelengths were generated concurrently. An average output power of >10W of
2.1ตm and >1W of MIR wavelength at 5KHz repetition rate were achieved from a 36W
Tm Fiber pump laser. Optimizing the output coupling of the Ho:YAG laser achieve
12W of 2.1ตm wavelength. A preliminary result of the intracavity ZGP OPO
generates >1W of MIR wavelength.
MRI-guided imaging pulse-oximetry for visualization of breast hemodynamics
Paper 7896-58 of Conference 7896
Date: Tuesday, 25 January 2011
Time: 4:40 PM 5:00 PM
Author(s): Zhiqiu Li, Shudong Jiang, Venkataramanan Krishnaswamy, Scott C.
Davis, Keith D. Paulsen, Brian W. Pogue, Dartmouth College (United States)
Hide Abstract Add to My Schedule
A NIR tomography system with parallel spectral-encoded source arrays at
dual-wavelength bands has been built to quantify the temporal NIR contrast
available for imaging thick tissues of several centimeters across inside a
3Tesla MRI. The systems were integrated through a customized breast MR coil
interface to provide tissue structural information for improved image
reconstruction. A MR-compatible pulse oximeter was synchronized to the NIR
system to provide heartbeat measurement during imaging. The right breasts of
three healthy subjects were imaged and studies were repeated twice on different
dates. The periodic variation and time relevance of the absorption coefficients
and oxygen saturation in adipose region and fibroglandular region were
quantified.
Improvement of mid-infrared pulsed OPOs efficiency by thermal management and
cascaded nonlinear conversions
Paper 7917-24 of Conference 7917
Date: Tuesday, 25 January 2011
Time: 5:00 PM 5:20 PM
Author(s): Antoine Godard, Myriam Raybaut, Thomas Schmid, Michel Lefebvre, ONERA
(France); Anne-Marie Michel, Michel Péalat, Sagem Defense Securite (France)
Hide Abstract Add to My Schedule
We report on the theoretical and experiment investigation of thermal effects in
pulsed nanosecond OPOs. Based on our investigations, we developed two-zone
temperature controlled ovens. With proper adjustments of the applied temperature
gradient, we have demonstrated that a significant improvement (more than 30 %)
of the conversion efficiency of mid-IR PPLN OPOs can be obtained. We also
implemented devices where the resonant signal wave is recycled to pump cascaded
nonlinear processes. Such an approach enables us to overcome the photon
conversion efficiency imposed by the Manley-Rowe relations, leading to a
two-fold improvement of the conversion efficiency toward the mid-IR.
No effect of femtosecond laser pulses on DNA, protein, M13, or E. coli
Paper 7897-41 of Conference 7897
Date: Tuesday, 25 January 2011
Time: 5:00 PM 5:20 PM
Author(s): Jeffrey C. Wigle, Eric A. Holwitt, Katharine E. Sheldon, U.S. Air
Force (United States); Larry E. Estlack, Conceptual MindWorks, Inc. (United
States); Gary D. Noojin, TASC, Inc. (United States); Benjamin A. Rockwell, U.S.
Air Force (United States)
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We were unable to reproduce published inactivation results, or show any
interaction, between 90 femtosecond (fs) pulses of 850 nm or 425 nm laser
radiation and buffer/water, DNA, protein, M13 bacteriophage or E. coli. We
examined purified plasmid DNA (pUC19), bovine serum albumin, M13 viability, and
DNA and coat proteins extracted from M13 at irradiances of up to 120 MW/cm2.
Exposures of up 1 GW/cm2 at 850 nm had no effect on the viability of E. coli.
Peroxynitrite, known to be toxic, to cause single strand breaks in DNA, and
fragment proteins in vitro gave positive results in all assays.
Storable near-infrared chemilumilescent probes for in-vivo optical imaging
Paper 7910-36 of Conference 7910
Date: Tuesday, 25 January 2011
Time: 5:20 PM 5:40 PM
Author(s): Bradley D. Smith, Univ. of Notre Dame (United States)
Hide Abstract Add to My Schedule
A new class of chemiluminescent and fluorescent dyes and dye-doped nanoparticles
can be stored at zero degrees and then made to emit near-infrared light by
warming to body temperature (no chemical or electrical stimulus is needed). In
vivo chemiluminescence imaging permits identification of target sites that are
five times deeper than planar fluorescence imaging. A new imaging paradigm
employs the dual modality probes first in high contrast chemiluminescence mode
to locate relatively deep anatomical locations in vivo and subsequently in
fluorescent mode to identify the microscopic targets within thin histopathology
sections taken from the same specimen.
Infrared metamaterial design using derivative-free numerical optimization
Paper 7946-31 of Conference 7946
Date: Tuesday, 25 January 2011
Time: 5:40 PM 6:00 PM
Author(s): Kenneth Diest, Luke A. Sweatlock, Daniel E. Marthaler, Northrop
Grumman Aerospace Systems (United States)
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In this work, we characterize optical metamaterials with full-field
electromagnetic simulations and convert the output to scalar valued objective
functions. Evolution of the device design is then cast as a minimization problem
in parameter space, which we address using a derivative-free, nonlinear mesh
adaptive search technique. We apply this numerical optimization method, in
combination with full-field electromagnetic simulations, to design split-ring
resonator "notch filters", with narrow pass bands across the near to mid
infrared spectrum. The tunability of the corresponding line width at the pass
band and percent change in reflectivity are analyzed and compared with
traditional parameter sweeps.
Non-destructive analysis on femtosecond laser doped silicon
Paper 7920-44 of Conference 7920
Date: Tuesday, 25 January 2011
Time: 6:00 PM
Author(s): Yu-Ting Lin, Harvard Univ. (United States); Matthew J. Smith, Silvija
Gradecak, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (United States); Eric D. Mazur,
Harvard Univ. (United States)
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Silicon doped with Chalcogens using femtosecond laser pulses can achieve a high
doping concentration (~1 %) and unique properties. This material exhibits
near-unity absorption extending from the visible to the mid-infrared and
metallic-like conduction. Thus, it is a potential candidate for advanced
optoelectronic devices. To further understand this material, we utilize
non-destructive optical tools including Raman spectroscopy and FTIR to
characterize laser-induced changes in crystallinity, dopant profiles, and
optical properties at various processing parameters. Our findings contribute to
a better understanding of the structural and optical characteristics, completing
a picture of the silicon surface condition after femtosecond laser irradiation.
The research of the laser facula of laser ranger finder in the far distance
Paper 7912-71 of Conference 7912
Date: Tuesday, 25 January 2011
Time: 6:00 PM
Author(s): Rongguo Fu, Nanjing Univ. of Science & Technology (China)
Hide Abstract Add to My Schedule
The lateral intensity of the facula of a beam of 1.06ตm laser pulse light of a
laser range findeis not an ideal Gauss distribution. A testing device is
designed to measure the facula of the laser light in the far distance. The
device has a near infrared CCD camera, a filter of 1.06ตm is applied. Another
white light CCD is applied to obtain the background. A lens is designed for both
cameras. The near infrared CCD is synchronous with laser ranger finder, The
image of the facula is analyzed, the intensity distribution of the facula is
obtained.
Optical biopsy of the prostate: can we TRUST (trans-rectal ultrasound-coupled
spectral tomography)?
Paper 7895-18 of Conference 7895
Date: Wednesday, 26 January 2011
Time: 8:00 AM 8:30 AM
Author(s): Daqing Piao, Jiang Zhen, Kenneth E. Bartels, G. Reed Holyoak, Jerry
W. Ritchey, Charlotte L. Ownby, Kendra Rock, Charles F. Bunting, Oklahoma State
Univ. (United States); Gennady Slobodov, The Univ. of Oklahoma Health Sciences
Ctr. (United States)
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The trans-rectal ultrasound-coupled spectral tomography (TRUST) approach has
evolved and been evaluated on one normal canine prostate and three dogs with
implanted prostate tumor developed as a model. TRUST has demonstrated potentials
in the following diagnostic outcome: (1) finding the onset of prostate tumor
earlier than by using ultrasonography alone; (2) quantifying changes of blood
concentration and the indicated mass-volume of a rapidly growing prostate tumor;
(3) differentiating different characteristics of tumor and cystic lesion; and
(4) indicating tumor metastasis to inguinal or pelvic lymph nodes. Intensive
technologic development is necessary for translating the approach to clinical
practice.
Free-form micromachining of an infrared Alvarez lens
Paper 7927-20 of Conference 7927
Date: Wednesday, 26 January 2011
Time: 8:30 AM 8:50 AM
Author(s): Paul J. Smilie, Brian Dutterer, Jennifer L. Lineberger, Matthew A.
Davies, Thomas J. Suleski, The Univ. of North Carolina at Charlotte (United
States)
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In 1967, Luis Alvarez introduced a novel concept for focusing whereby two
transmitting plates with cubic polynomial surfaces with small relative lateral
shifts yield a composite lens of variable focal length. To date, however,
fabricating refractive cubic surfaces of the types needed with adequate
precision and depth modulation has proven to be challenging using standard
methods. Recent developments in free-form diamond machining capability have
enabled the fabrication of such devices. In this paper, we discuss the
fabrication of cubic refractive Alvarez plates in infrared materials using
diamond micromilling. Machining approaches are presented, and initial results
are discussed.
Vertical transport in InAs/GaSb superlattices: model results and relation to
in-plane transport
Paper 7945-68 of Conference 7945
Date: Wednesday, 26 January 2011
Time: 8:30 AM 8:45 AM
Author(s): Frank Szmulowicz, Univ. of Dayton Research Institute (United States);
Gail J. Brown, Air Force Research Lab. (United States)
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Operation of InAs/GaSb superlattice-based devices requires efficient transport
of carriers perpendicular to superlattice layers by drift and/or diffusion.
Vertical transport measurements are difficult and nonstandard, hence we model
both the horizontal and vertical electron transport in InAs/GaSb superlattices
qua superlattices by solving the Boltzmann equations in the relaxation time
approximation, using the interface roughness scattering as the dominant
mobility-limiting mechanism. We calculate vertical and horizontal mobilities as
a function superlattice parameters such as layer widths, the correlation length
of interface roughness, and the Fermi energy. The calculations can be used to
estimate vertical mobilities from measurements of horizontal mobilities.
Barrier engineered superlattice and quantum dot detectors for HOT operation
Paper 7945-69 of Conference 7945
Date: Wednesday, 26 January 2011
Time: 8:45 AM 9:05 AM
Author(s): Jiayi Shao, Thomas E. Vandervelde, Ajit V. Barve, Woo-Yong Jang,
Andreas Stintz, Sanjay Krishna, Ctr. for High Technology Materials, Univ. of New
Mexico (United States)
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There is an increased emphasis on obtaining higher operating temperature (HOT)
detectors as a part of the third generation detector development. In particular,
there have been a lot of research efforts in engineering the barriers for
reducing the dark current in the infrared detectors. We have been undertaking
research on infrared detectors based on InAs/GaAs quantum dots in a well (DWELL)
and InAs/GaSb superlattices. We will discuss approaches to incorporate unipolar
barriers in the superlattices to prevent noise generating mechanisms. Using
barrier engineering, we will show how the operating transition of the dots in a
well detector can be engineered to produce higher signal to noise ratios.
Modified type-II superlattices for long wavelength infrared applications
Paper 7945-71 of Conference 7945
Date: Wednesday, 26 January 2011
Time: 9:25 AM 9:40 AM
Author(s): Yiqiao Chen, SVT Associates, Inc. (United States)
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Here we report a new modification on SL structure that substantially improves
the overall performance of type-II InAs/GaSb SL photo detectors including
extended cutoff wavelength and improved specific detectivity. In our modified SL
design, a thicker InSb layer was used to extend the cutoff wavelength and a thin
compressively-strained wider bandgap layer was inserted to balance the strain of
the thicker InSb layer. The presence of 2MLs of the wider bandgap material which
differs from the more common AlSb variety will help to reduce dark current and
sidewall leakage as it serves as a barrier for both electrons and holes in SLs.
Quantitative analysis of formation and thermal stability of oxide phases between
SiO2 and InSb
Paper 7945-73 of Conference 7945
Date: Wednesday, 26 January 2011
Time: 9:55 AM 10:10 AM
Author(s): Jaeyel Lee, Sehun Park, Jungsub Kim, Changjae Yang, Sujin Kim,
Chulkyun Seok, Jinsub Park, Euijoon Yoon, Seoul National Univ. (Korea, Republic
of)
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In this study, we report the quantitative analysis of indium and antimony oxide
at SiO2/InSb interface formed at various growth temperatures during plasma
enhanced chemical vapor deposition and subsequent heat treatments. 30 nm-thick
SiO2 layers were deposited on InSb at 120, 160, 200, 240 and 300 oC, and
analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). With increasing deposition
temperature, contents of indium and antimony oxides were also increased due to
the enhanced diffusion. In addition, the sample deposited at 120 oC was annealed
at 300 oC for 10 and 30 min and the contents of interfacial oxides were
analyzed. Thermodynamic stability and the resulting interfacial solid-state
reactions and its effect on the interfacial states will be discussed in detail.
Quantum cascade detectors based on III-nitride heterostructures
Paper 7939-48 of Conference 7939
Date: Wednesday, 26 January 2011
Time: 10:30 AM 11:00 AM
Author(s): Eva Monroy, Yulia Kotsar, Qiran Li, Prem Kumar Kandaswamy,
Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (France); Salam Sakr, Maria Tchernycheva,
François Julien, Univ. Paris-Sud 11 (France); Alon Vardi, Gad Bahir,
Technion-Israel Institute of Technology (Israel)
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Quantum Cascade Detectors (QCDs) are tailorable infrared photodetectors based on
intersubband transitions in semiconductor QWs. The device active region
comprises multiple periods of active QWs and extractor regions. The extractor is
a superlattice structure designed to form a phonon ladder (energy spacing equal
to the LO-phonon energy) which collects the electrons in the excited state of
the first active QW and injects them in the ground state of the next active QW.
In contrast with standard QW infrared photodetectors, QCDs do not require an
external bias voltage due to their asymmetric band profile. The operation
spectral range of these devices, first demonstrated in the mid-infrared, can be
extended to the near-infrared thanks to the large band offsets of III-nitrides.
In this work, we summarize the design, growth, fabrication and performance of
nitride-based QCDs operating in the 1.4-2.5 ตm spectral range.
Imaging sub-nanomolar concentrations through more than five centimeters of
tissue with time-domain diffuse fluorescence tomography
Paper 7896-66 of Conference 7896
Date: Wednesday, 26 January 2011
Time: 10:40 AM 11:00 AM
Author(s): Frederic Leblond, Fadi El-Ghussein, Brian W. Pogue, Dartmouth College
(United States); Kenneth M. Tichauer, Dartmouth College (Canada); Robert W.
Holt, Dartmouth College (United States)
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Photodetection based on time-correlated single-photon counting technology is
used to demonstrate that diffuse fluorescence tomography can detect fluorophores
in transmission through more than five centimeters in tissue-simulating
phantoms, and that this can be achieved for sub-nanomolar concentrations with
dyes commonly used for in vivo pre-clinical biological studies. Our results
demonstrate that an unprecedented level of sensitivity can be achieved with
time-domain fluorescence tomography allowing this technology to be used for
applications involving animals larger than mice as well as applications where
limited contrast is available.
Pixelated resonant subwavelength grating filters for greenhouse gas monitoring
Paper 7941-41 of Conference 7941
Date: Wednesday, 26 January 2011
Time: 11:30 AM 11:50 AM
Author(s): David W. Peters, Shanalyn A. Kemme, Alvaro A. Cruz-Cabrera, Robert R.
Boye, Chad A. Bustard, Sandia National Labs. (United States)
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We describe the design of two pixelated filter arrays for hyperspectral
monitoring of CO2 and H2O absorption in the midwave infrared (centered at 4.25
and 5.15microns, respectively) using resonant subwavelength gratings (RSGs),
also called guided-mode resonant filters (GMRFs). For each gas, a filter array
is made for the absorption band on a single substrate. A pixelated geometry
allows for direct registration of filter pixels to FPA sensor pixels and for
non-scanning data collection. The design process for narrowband, low-sideband
filters within fabrication limitations will be discussed.
Experimental characterization of afterpulsing and timing jitter of InGaAs/InP
SPAD
Paper 7934-21 of Conference 7934
Date: Wednesday, 26 January 2011
Time: 11:40 AM 12:00 PM
Author(s): Fabio Acerbi, Alberto Tosi, Alberto Dalla Mora, Michele Anti, Franco
Zappa, Politecnico di Milano (Italy)
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We present the characterization results on afterpulsing and timing jitter of a
new generation of InGaAs/InP Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs). We first
investigate afterpulsing probability, main contributor to detector noise, at
different temperatures and excess biases, in order to study their effects on the
de-trapping probability. Moreover, we biased the detector with different
electric fields during de-trapping time interval in order to study how to
enhance trap release. Finally, we performed simulations to cross-check
experimental results. We then characterized in depth the timing jitter by
changing incident light wavelength, operating temperature, excess bias, and
light absorption position.
Advances in the development of type-I quantum well GaSb-based diode lasers
Paper 7953-37 of Conference 7953
Date: Wednesday, 26 January 2011
Time: 1:50 PM 2:20 PM
Author(s): Gregory Belenky, Leon Shterengas, Stony Brook Univ. (United States);
Gela Kipshidze, Stony Brook Univ. (United States) and Power Photonic Corp.
(United States); Takashi Hosoda, Jianfeng Chen, Stony Brook Univ. (United
States)
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Diode lasers grown on GaSb substrates operate at room temperature in wide
spectral region from below 2 ตm to 3.5 ตm. We will report on the recent
development of the high power 2 ตm diode lasers with improved beam properties
and power conversion efficiencies. The results of characterization of the 3 -
3.5 ตm emitting lasers operating in CW regime up to 50 0C and generating
hundreds of mW of output power will be presented. We will discuss the
development of the single spatial and spectral mode 2 - 3.4 ตm mid-infrared
diode lasers with output power in excess of 50 mW. The roadmap to improve the
performance parameters of GaSb-based 2.5 - 3.5 ตm emitting diode lasers by using
growth on virtual GaInSb substrates will be presented. The experimental results
for high power CW room temperature operated diode lasers grown on virtual
substrates with lattice constant larger than that of GaSb will be discussed.
High-power continuous-wave interband cascade lasers
Paper 7953-38 of Conference 7953
Date: Wednesday, 26 January 2011
Time: 2:20 PM 2:40 PM
Author(s): William W. Bewley, Chadwick L. Canedy, Chul Soo Kim, Mijin Kim, J.
Ryan Lindle, Joshua Abell, Igor Vurgaftman, Jerry R. Meyer, U.S. Naval Research
Lab. (United States)
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Narrow-ridge interband cascade lasers do not show significant degradation of the
threshold and efficiency for ridge widths >5.1 ตm. The 11.1 and 13.0-ตm-wide
uncoated ridges produced up to 45 mW/facet of cw power at 20ºC, and displayed
maximum wall-plug efficiencies of 3.5% per facet. The 5.1 ตm x 3 mm ridge
without any facet coatings operated cw to a new record of 345 K. At T = -23ºC, a
distributed-feedback device with 4th-order gratings etched into both sidewalls
generates up to 30 mW of single-mode cw power near the strong methane absorption
line at ? 3.315 ตm.
Respiratory challenges to detect cyanide toxicity extent in a sublethal rabbit
model
Paper 7896-73 of Conference 7896
Date: Wednesday, 26 January 2011
Time: 2:30 PM 2:50 PM
Author(s): Jae Gwan Kim, Jangwoen Lee, Sari B. Mahon, David S. Mukai, Beckman
Laser Institute and Medical Clinic (United States); William C. Blackledge, Univ.
of California, San Diego (United States); Steven Patterson, Univ. of Minnesota,
Twin Cities (United States); Gerry R. Boss, Univ. of California, San Diego
(United States); Bruce J. Tromberg, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic
(United States); Matthew Brenner, Univ. of California, Irvine (United States)
Hide Abstract Add to My Schedule
In this study, we tested our hypothesis that the amplitudes of oxy-,
deoxyhemoglobin concentration changes during a respiratory challenge from 100%
to 21% oxygen will be smaller as cyanide toxicity increases since more oxygen
will become available in blood by cyanide poisoning. The results showed that the
amplitudes of both oxy-, deoxyhemoglobin concentration changes decreased during
cyanide infusion and returned to the baseline level at the end of recovery.
These results prove our hypothesis and show that near infrared spectroscopy
combined with a respiratory challenge can be a useful non invasive tool for
estimating cyanide toxicity extent in vivo.
Implanted near-infrared spectroscopy for cardiac monitoring
Paper 7896-74 of Conference 7896
Date: Wednesday, 26 January 2011
Time: 2:50 PM 3:10 PM
Author(s): Sourav K. Bhunia, Can Cinbis, Medtronic, Inc. (United States)
Hide Abstract Add to My Schedule
Implanted near-infrared spectroscopy (iNIRS) may augment arrhythmia detection in
implanted cardioverter defibrillators by monitoring skeletal muscle perfusion. A
two-wavelength iNIRS has been evaluated in-vivo. A weighted difference of the
changes in attenuation at two wavelengths was taken to be the microvascular
oxygenation trend indicator (O2 Index). The hypothesis that a constant weight
may be adequate for hemodynamic trending during short arrhythmic episodes was
evaluated. The slope of the O2 Index over 10 seconds was significantly different
during normal sinus rhythm and induced ventricular fibrillation in both the
fresh and scar tissue pockets. Therefore iNIRS may be useful for hemodynamic
monitoring.
High average power short wavelength InGaAs/AlAs(Sb)/InP quantum cascade lasers
Paper 7953-41 of Conference 7953
Date: Wednesday, 26 January 2011
Time: 4:00 PM 4:30 PM
Author(s): Dmitry G. Revin, Kenneth Kennedy, Shiyong Y. Zhang, Paul Commin,
Andrey B. Krysa, John W. Cockburn, The Univ. of Sheffield (United Kingdom)
Hide Abstract Add to My Schedule
We review the development of short wavelength (3 ตm < ? < 3.8 ตm) quantum
cascade lasers (QCLs) based on the deep quantum well, strain compensated
InGaAs/AlAs(Sb)/InP materials system towards continuous wave operation.
Investigation of QCLs with various doping levels and improved designs has led to
the reduction of the pulsed threshold current and the increase of the
characteristic temperatures. Introduction of advanced processing steps has
resulted in the short wavelength lasers operating at low temperatures at high
duty cycle (up to 50%) and emitting high average output power (several hundreds
of milliwatts).
Towards rare-earth-doped chalcogenide glass fibre lasers for the mid-infrared
(IR)
Paper 7912-52 of Conference 7912
Date: Wednesday, 26 January 2011
Time: 4:00 PM 4:20 PM
Author(s): Angela B. Seddon, Zhuoqi Tang, David Furniss, Slawomir Sujecki,
Trevor M. Benson, The Univ. of Nottingham (United Kingdom)
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Mid-IR fibre laser operation up to 3 ตm has been demonstrated in fluoride glass
fibre. For longer wavelength mid-IR operation, lower phonon energy glass hosts
are required. Chalcogenide host glasses offer favourable properties with low
phonon energies, down to 350 cm-1, for low non-radiative decay rates, good
solubility of rare-earth (RE) ions and high refractive indices leading to high
absorption and emission cross-sections. Additionally, Se glass fibres are
mechanically robust and chemically durable both in water and in the open
atmosphere. We shall report on progress in developing RE-doped selenide glasses
to deliver tuneable, monochromatic light beyond 3 ตm.
Hierarchical segmentation for improved image reconstruction in diffuse optical
tomography of human prostate cancer
Paper 7896-77 of Conference 7896
Date: Wednesday, 26 January 2011
Time: 4:20 PM 4:40 PM
Author(s): Venkaiah C. Kavuri, Zi-Jing Lin, Hanli Liu, The Univ. of Texas at
Arlington (United States)
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The inclusion of anatomical prior information in reconstruction algorithms can
improve the quality of reconstructed images in near infrared diffuse optical
tomography (DOT). The prior information on possible locations of human prostate
cancer from trans-rectal ultrasound (TRUS) is very limited and could be false
negative, which may lead to biased reconstructed images. The prior information
can be obtained by simultaneous measurements or individual measurements from two
or more modalities. But in case of TRUS-coupled, DOT probe, the inverse problem
could be worse due to a limited number of measurements. Motivated by these
shortcomings, we have focused in our study on (1) the development of a
hierarchical segmentation approach to improve the reconstruction algorithm for
DOT and (2) to compare the reconstructed optical properties using a
TRUS-NIR-combined probe and NIR-standalone probe. With computer simulations, we
generated a mesh which resembled the rectum and had the anomaly at 2-cm depth
below the rectum. The optodes were placed on the surface of the rectal wall,
resembling the probe array touching the rectal wall. Furthermore, the
experimental data were taken using a DOT probe array, similar to that used in
the numerical simulation. A laboratory phantom was made of gelatin-intralipid
for the laboratory experiments with two different probe geometries (rows x
columns: 8x2, 6x3 for TRUS-NIR, NIR standalone), respectively. A continuous wave
system was used in both simulations and experiments to determine the optical
properties. Reconstructed images from both probe configurations demonstrate that
hierarchical segmentation is an effective means to improve image reconstruction
in DOT.
Optical properties and applications of liquid crystals in the THz frequency
range
Paper 7955-25 of Conference 7955
Date: Wednesday, 26 January 2011
Time: 4:30 PM 5:00 PM
Author(s): Ci-Ling Pan, National Tsing Hua Univ. (Taiwan)
Hide Abstract Add to My Schedule
In the past decade, THz studies ranging from investigations of ultrafast
dynamics in materials to medical, environmental sensing and imaging have been
actively explored. For these and future applications in THz communication and
surveillance, quasi-optic components such as phase shifters are indispensable.
The birefringence of liquid crystal (LC) is well known and extensively utilized
for the manipulation of optical radiation in the visible and near-infrared
range. Recently, there have been increasing interests in the study of
liquid-crystal-based devices for application in the sub-millimeter wave or THz
frequency range. In this paper, we review recent available optical constants of
selected liquid crystals in this important frequency range and recent advances
in liquid crystal THz optic and photonic devices.
A simple model for 2-D image up-conversion of incoherent light
Paper 7917-39 of Conference 7917
Date: Wednesday, 26 January 2011
Time: 5:10 PM 5:30 PM
Author(s): Jeppe S. Dam, Christian Pedersen, Peter Tidemand-Lichtenberg,
Technical Univ. of Denmark (Denmark)
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We present a simple model and experimental data for 2 dimensional image
up-conversion of incoherent light. The model predicts the feasibility of a
mid-infrared camera based on conventional silicon CCD technology combined with a
wavelength converter module. While the principle has been known for more than 40
years, the practical applicability of the technology has been hindered by very
low conversion quantum efficiency (~10-7). We show that our technological and
conceptual improvements promise a conversion quantum efficiency in the order of
10-2. We believe that the presented technology opens up new possibilities for
sub microsecond thermal imaging of hot events, as well as potentially low cost
image acquisition devices in the mid- and far-infrared spectral range.
Mode-locking of a Cr:ZnSe laser by use of a PPLN nonlinear mirror
Paper 7912-56 of Conference 7912
Date: Wednesday, 26 January 2011
Time: 5:20 PM 5:40 PM
Author(s): Jean-Baptiste Dherbecourt, Antoine Godard, Adrien Denoeud,
Jean-Michel Melkonian, Myriam Raybaut, Michel Lefebvre, Emmanuel Rosencher,
ONERA (France)
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We report on the first experimental demonstration of the passive mode-locking of
a Cr:ZnSe laser by a tunable PPLN-based nonlinear mirror. The Cr:ZnSe (lambda
2.5 ตm) laser is pumped by a CW thulium-doped fiber laser. An intracavity
second-harmonic generator based on a PPLN crystal coupled with a dichroïc mirror
(highly reflective at the second harmonic and partially reflective at the
fundamental wave) and a dispersive YAG wedged plate is used as an amplitude
modulator to achieve mode-locked operation. During this presentation we will
discuss the role played by each nonlinear mirror component and their influence
on the laser's dynamics.
Thermal investigation of mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers under
quasi-continuous-wave operations
Paper 7953-70 of Conference 7953
Date: Wednesday, 26 January 2011
Time: 6:00 PM
Author(s): Xing Chen, Liwei Cheng, Dingkai Guo, Fow-Sen Choa, Terrance
Worchesky, Univ. of Maryland, Baltimore County (United States)
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The temperature effect on the characteristics of strain-balanced mid-infrared
quantum cascade lasers (QCL) is theoretically investigated and compared to
experimental results. Our theoretical model simulates the temperature dependence
of modal gain, current threshold density, and optical output power of a QCL at
pulsed, continuous wave (CW), and quasi-CW operation conditions. Simulation
results show that QCLs operated at quasi-CW driving condition expresses much
lower laser core temperature than CW mode while generates comparable or even
higher average power than CW mode. The model can be used to predict the optimum
driving condition in order to generate maximum average output power.
Toward single-material multilayer interference mid-infrared filters with
sub-wavelength structures for cryogenic infrared astronomical missions
Paper 7934-47 of Conference 7934
Date: Wednesday, 26 January 2011
Time: 6:00 PM
Author(s): Hironobu Makitsubo, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (Japan) and
The Univ. of Tokyo (Japan); Takehiko Wada, Makoto Mita, Japan Aerospace
Exploration Agency (Japan)
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We are developing high performance mid-infrared multilayer interference filters
with mechanical strength and robustness for thermal cycling toward cryogenic
infrared astronomical missions. To realize these filters, we introduce
sub-wavelength structures (SWS) for controlling the refractive index and plan to
fabricate filters with only one material. To verify the controllability of
refractive index by such simple SWS, periodic cylindrical holes on a bulk
material, we have fabricated SWS on a silicon substrate. Comparing measured
transmittance with theoretical transmittance calculated by effective medium
approximation theory and RCWA simulation, we confirm that we can control the
refractive index of SWS by changing porosity.
A surface plasmon enhanced infrared photo-detector based on InAs quantum dots
Paper 7946-53 of Conference 7946
Date: Thursday, 27 January 2011
Time: 9:30 AM 10:00 AM
Author(s): Shawn-Yu Lin, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (United States)
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In this talk, I will demonstrate a successful realization and integration of a
gold two-dimensional-hole-array (2DHA) with InAs quantum-dot (QD). I will show
that a properly designed 2DHA-QD photodetector can facilitate a strong
plasmonic-QD interaction, leading to a 130% absolute enhancement of infrared
photo-response at the plasmonic resonance.
Optical cooling in Nd-doped crystals and nanocrystalline powders revisited
Paper 7951-5 of Conference 7951
Date: Thursday, 27 January 2011
Time: 9:40 AM 10:10 AM
Author(s): Angel J. Garcia-Adeva, Rolindes Balda, Mohammed Al Saleh, Sara
Garcia-Revilla, Joaquin Fernandez, Univ. del País Vasco (Spain)
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In the present work, we report on infrared thermography measurements in Nd-doped
KPb2Cl5 crystal and powder above and below the barycentre of the 4F3/2 level
that were performed in order to assess the relative weights of both the direct
anti-Stokes absorption processes and those assisted by either excited state
absorption or energy transfer upconversion processes in the cooling of the
material. As the laser induced temperature changes are usually small, we used a
special configuration of the samples that allowed us to obtain diferential
measurements where an undoped sample acted as a temperature baseline. This
method allows us to ascertain whether the recorded temperture changes are
optically induced or they are due to some other effect.
Compact detection module based on InGaAs/InP SPADs for near-infrared
single-photon counting up to 1.7 ตm
Paper 7945-95 of Conference 7945
Date: Thursday, 27 January 2011
Time: 10:30 AM 10:50 AM
Author(s): Alberto Tosi, Andrea Bahgat Shehata, Politecnico di Milano (Italy);
Adriano Della Frera, Micro Photon Devices S.r.l. (Italy); Alberto Dalla Mora,
Politecnico di Milano (Italy); Simone Tisa, Micro Photon Devices S.r.l. (Italy);
Fabio Acerbi, Franco Zappa, Politecnico di Milano (Italy)
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Nowadays, InGaAs/InP Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs) have good enough
performance to be successfully employed in many applications that demand to
detect single photons in the 1 - 1.7 ตm wavelength range. However, in order to
fully exploit such InGaAs/InP SPADs, it is mandatory to operate them in
optimized working conditions by means of dedicated electronics. We present the
design and experimental characterization of a high-performance compact detection
module able to operate at best InGaAs/InP SPADs. It can be easily tailored for
different specific applications and proves state-of-the-art performance.
Optical frequency conductance model of teraHertz/infrared emission and detection
in quantum wells, quantum dots, and narrow-gap semiconductors
Paper 7938-9 of Conference 7938
Date: Thursday, 27 January 2011
Time: 11:40 AM 12:00 PM
Author(s): Thomas Szkopek, Elizabeth Ledwosinska, McGill Univ. (Canada)
Hide Abstract Add to My Schedule
The optical frequency conductance is derived for quantum wells and quantum dots,
and the optical frequency conductivity of bulk narrow-gap semiconductors is
revisited. The teraHertz (THz) and infrared (IR) response of these structures,
in free-space and guided-wave geometries, is simply described within the optical
frequency conductance formalism. The fine structure constant of quantum
electrodynamics sets the natural scale for the optical conductance of
semiconductor structures. Rules of thumb and physical limits to THz/IR gain and
absorption can be derived. The optical conductance formalism is applied to MCT
photodetectors, quantum well IR photodetectors, quantum dot IR photodetectors,
and quantum cascade lasers.
Optical wireless networked-systems: applications to aircrafts
Paper 7958-18 of Conference 7958
Date: Thursday, 27 January 2011
Time: 11:40 AM 12:10 PM
Author(s): Mohsen Kavehrad, Jarir Fadlullah, The Pennsylvania State Univ.
(United States)
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Progress in semiconductor technologies facilitates production of efficient
light-based in-flight entertainment, distributed sensing and navigation systems.
Investigation of energy-efficient, transceivers will create a wireless medium,
providing enhanced security, and improved performance for communications in
greater harmony with onboard systems. Applications seamlessly inter-connect
multiple devices in a network that is deployable for several aircrafts onboard
systems. Recent experimental results on a high-capacity infrared system are
presented. A laser source can be applied in a hybrid package along with a
visible lighting LED for both lighting and communications. Also, we present a
combination of light communications through "Spotlighting" and existing onboard
power-lines. It is demonstrated that a high-capacity visible light system
communicating over existing power-lines may lead to savings in many areas
through reduction of size, weight and power consumption.
Future directions in quasi-phasematched semiconductors for mid-infrared lasers
Paper 7917-50 of Conference 7917
Date: Thursday, 27 January 2011
Time: 1:15 PM 1:35 PM
Author(s): Peter G. Schunemann, Scott D. Setzler, BAE Systems (United States)
Hide Abstract Add to My Schedule
Quasi-phase-matched (QPM) materials periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN)
and tantalate (PPLT) have led to extremely efficient frequency-shifted laser
sources in the visible and near-infrared, and QPM semiconductors promise to
extend this performance beyond 4?m. Orientation patterned semiconductors are not
only transparent far deeper into the mid-IR but also offer higher nonlinear
coefficients, higher thermal conductivity, higher purity levels, and very low
losses when grown from the vapor phase. We compare the properties, processing,
and performance of orientation-patterned GaAs (OPGaAs) with emerging
all-epitaxial-grown QPM semiconductors and present preliminary results on
gallium phosphide (OPGaP).
Some properties of the mixed GaS0.4Se0.6 nonlinear crystal in comparison to GaSe
Paper 7917-51 of Conference 7917
Date: Thursday, 27 January 2011
Time: 1:35 PM 1:55 PM
Author(s): Georgi Marchev, Aleksey Tyazhev, Vladimir L. Panyutin, Valentin P.
Petrov, Frank Noack, Kentaro Miyata, Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik
und Kurzzeitspektroskopie (Germany); Michael Griepentrog, Bundesanstalt für
Materialforschung und -prüfung (Germany)
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It is possible to dope GaSe with up to 40% of S preserving its
non-centrosymmetric structure in order to increase the band-gap and improve the
thermo-mechanical properties. We present here Sellmeier equations for the mixed
nonlinear crystal GaS0.4Se0.6 which were refined by fitting to SHG
phase-matching angle data as well as birefringence data obtained with phase
plates. We present also comparison of two-photon absorption data at 1064 nm for
GaS0.4Se0.6 and GaSe obtained with picosecond pulses which indicates that
GaS0.4Se0.6 could be used in Nd:YAG laser pumped OPOs and OPAs without nonlinear
absorption. The microhardness is compared with nanoindentation tests.
High performance continuous-wave room temperature 4.0 ตm quantum cascade lasers
with single-facet optical emission exceeding 2 watts
Paper 7953-55 of Conference 7953
Date: Thursday, 27 January 2011
Time: 2:00 PM 2:20 PM
Author(s): Arkadiy A. Lyakh, Richard Maulini, Alexei G. Tsekoun, Rowel Go,
Steven Von der Porten, Pranalytica, Inc. (United States); Christian J. Pflügl,
Laurent Diehl, Federico Capasso, Harvard Univ. (United States); Chandra Kumar N.
Patel, Pranalytica, Inc. (United States)
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A strain-balanced, AlInAs/InGaAs/InP quantum cascade laser structure, designed
for light emission at 4.0 ตm using non-resonant extraction design approach, was
grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Laser devices were processed in buried
heterostructure geometry. An air-cooled laser system incorporating a 10 mm by
11.5 ตm laser with antireflection coated front facet and high reflection coated
back facet delivered over 2 W of single-ended optical power in a collimated
beam. Maximum continuous wave room temperature wallplug efficiency of 5.0% was
demonstrated for a high reflection coated 3.65 mm by 8.7 ตm laser mounted on an
aluminum nitride submount.
Highly power efficient distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers at 4.55 ตm
Paper 7953-56 of Conference 7953
Date: Thursday, 27 January 2011
Time: 2:20 PM 2:40 PM
Author(s): Mariano Troccoli, Xiaojun Wang, Jenyu Fan, AdTech Optics, Inc.
(United States)
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Current challenges in small IR optical sensors and sensor networks for portable,
lightweight system design are mostly related to the input power and heat
dissipation required for laser operation. Battery life and operation in remote
areas are greatly enhanced by devices with long lifetime, low power consumption,
and requiring minimal system calibration and maintenance. For these reasons the
prospect of highly efficient, low-power consuming distributed feedback (DFB)
quantum cascade (QC) lasers, is very appealing for field applications both in
environmental research and in industrial process control.In this paper we
present our most recent results on DFB QC lasers operation.
High-throughput engineering of infrared plasmonic nanoantenna arrays with
nanostencil lithography
Paper 7946-60 of Conference 7946
Date: Thursday, 27 January 2011
Time: 2:30 PM 2:50 PM
Author(s): Serap Aksu, Ahmet A. Yanik, Ronen Adato, Alp Artar, Min Huang, Hatice
Altug, Boston Univ. (United States)
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We will present a novel fabrication approach for low-cost and high-throughput
fabrication of infrared plasmonic nanorod antenna arrays with Nanostencil
Lithography (NSL). We show the optical responses of plasmonic antenna arrays
fabricated by NSL are comparable to that of arrays fabricated by electron-beam
lithography. In addition, nanostencils can be reused repeatedly to fabricate
same antenna arrays with identical optical responses.We will show NSL offer
sufficient flexibility and resolution to engineer nanoantenna arrays on variety
of surfaces with designs providing collective plasmonic excitations, which are
highly suitable for ultrasensitive vibrational nanospectroscopy.
Broadband quantum cascade laser arrays for mid-infrared spectroscopy
Paper 7953-57 of Conference 7953
Date: Thursday, 27 January 2011
Time: 2:40 PM 3:00 PM
Author(s): Christian J. Pflügl, Laurent Diehl, Stefan Menzel, Romain Blanchard,
Harvard Univ. (United States); Anish K. Goyal, Christine A. Wang, Antonio
Sanchez, George W. Turner, MIT Lincoln Lab. (United States); Yong Huang,
Jae-Hyun Ryou, Russell D. Dupuis, Georgia Institute of Technology (United
States); Federico Capasso, Harvard Univ. (United States)
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Arrays of distributed-feedback quantum cascade lasers can be made as single-mode
tunable high brightness sources covering a wide range of mid-infrared
frequencies with applications in spectroscopy. We present recent developments in
device and distributed feedback grating design leading to increased output power
and improved single-mode selection of such arrays. * The Lincoln Laboratory
portion of this work was sponsored by the Department of the United States Air
Force under Air Force contract No. FA8721-05-C-0002. The opinions,
interpretations, conclusions, and recommendations are those of the authors and
are not necessarily endorsed by the United States Government.
New mixed LiGa0.5In0.5Se2 nonlinear crystal for the mid-IR
Paper 7917-56 of Conference 7917
Date: Thursday, 27 January 2011
Time: 3:15 PM 3:35 PM
Author(s): Vitaliy Vedenyapin, Ludmila I. Isaenko, Alexander P. Yelisseyev,
Sergei Lobanov, Institute of Mineralogy and Petrography (Russian Federation);
Aleksey Tyazhev, Georgi Marchev, Valentin P. Petrov, Max-Born-Institut für
Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie (Germany)
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A new mixed nonlinear crystal, solid solution with the composition
LiGa0.5In0.5Se2, is grown which exhibits the same mm2 orthorhombic structure as
the parent compounds LiGaSe2 and LiInSe2. The unit cell parameters of
LiGa0.5In0.5Se2 are a=7.0376(2) A, b=8.3401(3) A, and c=6.6855(2) A. The new
crystal combines the easier growth of LiInSe2 with the deeper UV transparency of
LiGaSe2. Its band gap is 3.2 eV. The dispersion characteristics were measured
and Sellmeier equations will be presented. The fundamental wavelength range for
the SHG process is 1.75-11.8 ตm. The nonlinear coefficients of LiGa0.5In0.5Se2
will be compared with those of LiGaSe2 and LiInSe2.
Near-IR induced negative photoconductance and its relationship with optical
quenching of mid-IR quantum cascade lasers (QCLs)
Paper 7953-62 of Conference 7953
Date: Thursday, 27 January 2011
Time: 4:50 PM 5:10 PM
Author(s): Dingkai Guo, Liwei Cheng, Xing Chen, Fow-Sen Choa, Terrance
Worchesky, Univ. of Maryland, Baltimore County (United States)
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We report the Near-IR induced negative photoconductance (NPC) on Mid-Infrared
Quantum Cascade Lasers (QCLs) and its relationship with the optical quenching of
the QCL. The NPC effect is affected by the Near-IR intensity and wavelength, the
QCL bias voltage and the bias pulse width if the QCL is biased under pulse mode.
The explanation of NPC is related to electron-hole generation and hole-trapping,
which produces an internal field counteracting to the external field. The
created band-bending effect will reduce the current, increase the resistance,
and reduce the Mid-IR light output, which has been reported earlier as the
"optical quenching effect".
Two-dimensional surface emitting single mode quantum cascade laser arrays
Paper 7953-72 of Conference 7953
Date: Thursday, 27 January 2011
Time: 5:30 PM 5:50 PM
Author(s): Elvis Mujagic, Clemens Schwarzer, Werner Schrenk, Gottfried Strasser,
Technische Univ. Wien (Austria); Yu Yao, Princeton Univ. (United States);
Jianxin Chen, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics (China); Claire F. Gmachl,
Princeton Univ. (United States)
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We describe compact, two-dimensional single-mode quantum cascade laser arrays
based on the ring cavity surface emitting laser, as a basic building block. The
sixteen-element mid-infrared array shows a linear tuning range of ~180 cm-1 (7.5
- 8.7 ตm) in pulsed condition at room temperature. The measured spectral
dependent threshold current densities and optical power reflect the gain profile
of the incorporated laser material. This suggests that the device performance is
not affected by the individual grating design, given by the facetless nature of
the incorporated single surface emitter. Such broadband laser arrays allow the
realization of compact mid-infrared spectrometers.
Energy scaling of nanosecond gain-switched Cr2+:ZnSe lasers
Paper 7912-51 of Conference 7912
Date: Wednesday, 26 January 2011
Time: 3:10 PM 3:30 PM
Author(s): Vladimir V. Fedorov, The Univ. of Alabama at Birmingham (United
States) and IPG Photonics - Mid-Infrared Lasers (United States); Igor S.
Moskalev, Mike B. Mirov, IPG Photonics - Mid-Infrared Lasers (United States);
Sergey B. Mirov, The Univ. of Alabama at Birmingham (United States) and IPG
Photonics - Mid-Infrared Lasers (United States); Torrey J. Wagner, Matthew J.
Bohn, Air Force Institute of Technology (United States); Patrick A. Berry,
Kenneth L. Schepler, Air Force Research Lab. (United States)
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In this paper, we report record nanosecond output energies of gain-switched
Cr:ZnSe lasers pumped by Q-switched Cr:Tm:Ho:YAG (100ns@2.096ตm) and Raman
shifted Nd:YAG lasers (7ns@1.906ตm). In these experiments we used Brewster cut
Cr:ZnSe gain elements with a chromium concentration of 8x1018 cm-3. Under
Cr:Tm:Ho:YAG pumping, the first Cr:ZnSe laser demonstrated 3.1 mJ of output
energy, 52% slope efficiency and 110 nm linewidth centered at a wavelength of
2.47 ตm. Maximum output energy of the second Cr:ZnSe laser reached 10.1 mJ under
H2 Raman shifted Nd:YAG laser pumping. The slope efficiency estimated from the
input-output data was 47%.
Efficient generation of coherent mid-infrared and far-infrared waves in highly
lossy second-order nonlinear media at polariton resonances under
transverse-pumping geometry
Paper 7937-53 of Conference 7937
Date: Wednesday, 26 January 2011
Time: 8:25 AM 8:50 AM
Author(s): Yujie J. Ding, Lehigh Univ. (United States)
Hide Abstract Add to My Schedule
Due to strong coupling between transverse-optical phonons and mid-infrared or
far-infrared waves, second-order nonlinear coefficients are dramatically
enhanced within the forbidden band of each polariton resonance.
Transverse-pumping geometry is exploited for achieving efficient mid-infrared
and far-infrared generation at each resonance. A pump power of 100 mW is
sufficient for efficient conversion.
Efficacy of near-infrared spectroscopy in monitoring and detection of skeletal
muscle ischemia
Paper 7883F-123 of Conference 7883F
Date: Saturday, 22 January 2011
Time: 9:00 AM 9:20 AM
Author(s): R. Luke Harris, Univ. of Northern British Columbia Prince George
Campus (Canada); Babak Shadgan M.D., UBC Muscle Biophysics Lab. (Canada); W.
Darlene Reid, UBC Muscle Biophysics Lab. (Canada) and The Univ. of British
Columbia (Canada); Peter J. O'Brien, The Univ. of British Columbia (Canada)
Hide Abstract Add to My Schedule
The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of near-infrared
spectroscopy (NIRS) for monitoring tourniquet-induced ischemia of leg muscles
during trauma surgery. Changes in oxygenated (O2Hb), and deoxygenated (HHb)
hemoglobin in tourniquet-affected leg muscles of 21 patients with ankle
fractures were monitored by a continuous wave NIRS. Following tourniquet
inflation a consistent progressive increase in HHb with a concomitant decrease
in O2Hb in the tourniquet-affected muscle were observed amongst subjects.
Duration of ischemia was significantly correlated to ?HHb, ?O2Hb and oxygenation
recovery time. Our findings confirmed efficacy of NIRS in detection and
monitoring of skeletal muscle ischemia.
Dual-modality catheter for optical frequency domain imaging and near-infrared
fluorescence imaging
Paper 7883D-77 of Conference 7883D
Date: Saturday, 22 January 2011
Time: 11:20 AM 11:40 AM
Author(s): HongKi Yoo, Jin Won Kim, Milen S. Shishkov, Eman namati,
Massachusetts General Hospital (United States); Theodore F. Morse, The Boston
Univ. Photonics Ctr. (United States); Roman L. Shubochkin, Boston Univ. (United
States); Jason R. McCarthy, Brett E. Bouma, Farouc A. Jaffer M.D., Guillermo J.
Tearney, Massachusetts General Hospital (United States)
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We report a dual modality intra-arterial catheter system that simultaneously
obtains co-registered optical frequency domain imaging (OFDI) and near-infrared
fluorescence (NIRF) imaging from artery wall in vivo. The catheter is comprised
of a double-clad fiber, contained within a rotating cable and a transparent
sheath. Comprehensive 3D datasets were acquired from a coronary stent, deployed
in an iliac artery of a living rabbit. The results clearly delineate the
microstructures of the luminal arterial wall, metallic stent struts, and
thrombus as well as NIRF emission. The NIRF signals show strong correspondence
with the OFDI. This novel catheter could open up new opportunities for improving
our understanding of coronary atherosclerosis.
Photothermal imaging through coherent infrared bundles
Paper 7894-47 of Conference 7894
Date: Sunday, 23 January 2011
Time: 11:50 AM 12:10 PM
Author(s): Yonat Milstein, Michal Tepper, Moshe Ben-David, Tel Aviv Univ.
(Israel); Jim Harrington, Rutgers, The State Univ. of New Jersey (United
States); Israel Gannot, Tel Aviv Univ. (Israel) and Johns Hopkins Univ. (United
States)
No abstract available Add to My Schedule
Development of optical fiber head probes for infrared endoscopic medical
diagnosis
Paper 7894-40 of Conference 7894
Date: Sunday, 23 January 2011
Time: 3:30 PM 3:50 PM
Author(s): Marie-Laure Anne, Univ. de Rennes 1 (France); P. Houizot, Univ de
Rennes I (France); Bruno Bureau, Univ. de Rennes 1 (France); O. Loréal, INSERM
(France); V. Monbet, Univ. de Bretagne Sud (France); C. Boussard-Plédel, J.
Lucas, Univ. de Rennes 1 (France)
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Thanks to the development of chalcogenide glass fiber, transmitting light in the
infrared range, the infrared spectroscopy can be carried out in situ by Fiber
Evanescent Wave Spectroscopy, so-called FEWS. FEWS has proved to be a powerful
technology for the study of biomedical samples, in particular for the detection
of foodborne pathogens in the food processing industries and for non invasive
diagnosis in the medical domain. Recent important progress in the quality and
the design of chalcogenide fibers have enabled to obtain optical fiber with a
miniaturized head-probe which can be used for endoscopic measurements. FEWS
coupled to chemometric methods, such as PCA and PLS, allowed to differentiate
between, for instance, healthy and non healthy tissue on human body biological
liquid. Thus, FEWS carried out with chalcogenide optical fiber is becoming an
efficient tool for physician.
Application of spectral derivative data in near-infrared spectroscopic
tomography
Paper 7896-17 of Conference 7896
Date: Sunday, 23 January 2011
Time: 4:20 PM 4:40 PM
Author(s): Hamid Dehghani, The Univ. of Birmingham (United Kingdom); Frederic
Leblond, Brian W. Pogue, Dartmouth College (United States); Fabien Chauchard,
Indatech (France)
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The use of the spectral derivative method in Near Infrared optical spectroscopy
and tomogrphic imaging is presented, whereby instead of using discrete
measurements around several wavelengths, the difference between nearest
neighbouring spectral measurements are used. The proposed technique is shown to
be insensitive to the unknown tissue and fibre contact coupling coefficients
providing substantially increased accuracy as compared to more conventional
techniques. The self-calibrating nature of the spectral derivative techniques
increases its robustness in clinical applications, as is demonstrated based on
simulated results as well as experimental data.
Process analytical applications in the mid-infrared
Paper 7945-23 of Conference 7945
Date: Sunday, 23 January 2011
Time: 4:25 PM 4:45 PM
Author(s): Stefan H. Lundqvist, Pawel Kluczynski, Siemens Laser Analytics AB
(Sweden)
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We will present work on tunable diode laser spectroscopy of hydrocarbons in the
3 micron wavelength region using novel GaSb DFB lasers. A number of suitable
process analytical applications especially in ethylene and propylene
manufacturing have been investigated. Detection of acetylene impurities in
ethylene in a gas matrix typical of a hydrogenating reactor has been performed.
The performance for detection of acetylene impurities in pure ethylene using a
TDLS sensor was better than 18 ppm*m for a response time of 3 seconds.
Experience from in-situ measurements of hydrocarbons in an industrial
environment using a cross duct instrument will also be presented.
Calibration methods of frequency domain measurement system with near-infrared
diffused light
Paper 7891-32 of Conference 7891
Date: Sunday, 23 January 2011
Time: 5:30 PM
Author(s): Huijuan Zhao, Ying Fan, Xiaoqing Zhou, Julan Liang, Tingting Wang,
Feng Gao, Tianjin Univ. (China)
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Optical diagnostics has the potential to provide real-time diagnosis of tissue
noninvasively. Frequency domain (FD) near-infrared diffuse spectroscopy (NIRS)
is one of the three common techniques in NIRS field. This article deals with the
method for eliminating or calibrating the intrinsic parameters of the FD
measurement system, which include the intrinsic amplitude attenuation and
intrinsic phase delay. Several calibration methods are proposed and a method is
also proposed to eliminate the optode coupling coefficient, which is the main
source of the inaccuracy in FD measurement. Endoscopic measurements on two solid
tubular phantoms with known optical properties are adopted to evaluate the
proposed calibration methods.
Near-infrared imaging of teeth at wavelengths between 1200 and 1600 nm
Paper 7884-33 of Conference 7884
Date: Sunday, 23 January 2011
Time: 5:30 PM
Author(s): Soojeong Chung, Daniel Fried, Cynthia L. Darling, Univ. of
California, San Francisco (United States)
No abstract available Add to My Schedule
Time-gated near-infrared spectroscopic imaging of brain activation: a simulation
proof of concept
Paper 7896-80 of Conference 7896
Date: Sunday, 23 January 2011
Time: 5:30 PM
Author(s): Gilberto Diaz-Ayil, Farouk Nouizi, Univ. de Strasbourg (France);
Wilfried Uhring, Benoit Dubois, Institut d'Électronique du Solide et des
Systèmes (France); Patrick Poulet, Univ. de Strasbourg (France)
Hide Abstract Add to My Schedule
3 companies and 2 academic laboratories merged their skills to build a
spectroscopic imaging device, without any scan and any contact, to study brain
activation in normal humans and patients. The whole area of interest will be
illuminated with picosecond laser pulses at different wavelengths. The scattered
photons will be detected in a reflectance mode, with a time gated intensified
CCD camera. We will describe the basics and the results of a time resolved 3D
simulation study performed in order to evaluate the sensitivity and the accuracy
of the proposed method for brain activation imaging.
Gold nanorods in photodynamic therapy as hyperthermia agents, and in
near-infrared optical imaging
Paper 7910-8 of Conference 7910
Date: Monday, 24 January 2011
Time: 11:00 AM 11:20 AM
Author(s): Wen-Shuo Kuo, Chich-Neng Chang, Yi-Ting Chang, National Cheng Kung
Univ. (Taiwan); Meng-Heng Yang, National Chung Hsing Univ. (Taiwan); Yi-Hsin
Chien, Shean-Jen Chen, Chen-Sheng Yeh, National Cheng Kung Univ. (Taiwan)
Hide Abstract Add to My Schedule
We have successfully conjugated an NIR photosensitizer, ICG, on the surface of
Au nanorods. The resulting Au-PSMA-ICG nanorods act as PDT and hyperthermia
agents. Combined PDT and hyperthermia not only kills cancer cells more
efficiently than PDT or hyperthermia treatment alone, but also improves the
efficacy of photodestruction and acts as an effective bio-imaging probe in the
NIR region.
Infrared laser stimulation of retinal and vestibular neurons
Paper 7883G-137 of Conference 7883G
Date: Monday, 24 January 2011
Time: 11:00 AM 11:20 AM
Author(s): Fabrice Bardin, Univ des Nîmes (France) and Univ. Montpellier 2
(France); Jean-Michel Bec, Univ. Montpellier 2 (France); Emmanuelle S. Albert,
Christian Chabbert, Christian Hamel, Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier
(France); Gerard Dupeyron, Ctr. Hospitalier Univ. de Nimes (France); Isabelle
Marc, Ecole des Mines d'Ales (France) and Univ. Montpellier 2 (France); Michel
Dumas, Univ. Montpellier 2 (France)
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The study of laser-neuron interaction has gained interest over the last few
years not only for understanding of fundamental mechanisms but also for medical
applications such as prosthesis because of the laser stimulation non-invasive
characteristic. We present in this work biological responses from calcium
fluorescence imaging and electrophysiological recordings on cultured vestibular
and retinal ganglion cells triggered by infrared laser pulses. Effects of
different wavelengths (from 1470 to 1875 nm) and stimulation duration have been
investigated. Stimulation energy thresholds and temperature measurements show
that heat-activated membrane channels could be stimulated, supporting the
hypothesis of a photothermal stimulation of ion channels.
Infrared plasmonic detectors
Paper 7945-39 of Conference 7945
Date: Monday, 24 January 2011
Time: 11:00 AM 11:20 AM
Author(s): Nicolas Péré-Laperne, Stéphane S. Collin, Fabrice Pardo, Jean-Luc
Pelouard, Ctr. National de la Recherche Scientifique (France)
Hide Abstract Add to My Schedule
Since 2002, plasmonic has demonstrated the ability to enhance performances of
photodetectors at a resonant wavelength. Absorption in a photodetector can reach
100% using nanophotonic plasmonic array. Plasmonic devices are confining light
at the interface metal/dielectric, as a consequence, detection volume is smaller
(100 to 1000 times) than in usual photodetectors leading to a decrease in dark
current of infrared photodetectors and therefore a higher working temperature.
The second consequence of a short detection volume is a higher collection
efficiency of photocarriers as the transit time is smaller than the lifetime. We
are working on the enhancement of different quantum infrared devices using
plasmonic array. Both theoretical and experimental results will be presented.
Course: Coherent Mid-Infrared Sources and Applications
Date: Monday, 24 January 2011
Time: 1:30 PM 5:30 PM
Instructor(s): Konstantin L. Vodopyanov, Stanford Univ. (United States)
Hide Abstract Add to My Schedule
This course explains why the mid-IR spectral range is so important for molecular
spectroscopy, standoff sensing, and trace molecular detection. We will regard
different approaches for generating coherent light in the mid-IR including solid
state lasers, fiber lasers, semiconductor (including quantum cascade) lasers,
and laser sources based on nonlinear optical methods. The course will discuss
several applications of mid-IR coherent light: spectral recognition of
molecules, trace gas sensing, standoff detection, and frequency comb Fourier
transform spectroscopy.
Feasibility of rapid near-infrared diffuse optical tomography by
swept-spectral-encoded sequential light delivery
Paper 7896-31 of Conference 7896
Date: Monday, 24 January 2011
Time: 2:10 PM 2:30 PM
Author(s): Guan Xu, Daqing Piao, Oklahoma State Univ. (United States)
Hide Abstract Add to My Schedule
We investigate the feasibility of rapid near infrared DOT by spectrally-encoded
sequential light delivery using wavelength-swept source. The wavelength-swept
light beam is dispersed by a spectrometer to form "swept-spectral-encoding" of
the light beam which scans linearly across the exit window of the spectrometer
and delivers sequential illumination to linearly bundled source fibers. A data
acquisition rate of over 1 frame/second is reached from a 4mW swept-source and a
20mm-diameter intra-lumenal applicator with 8 source and 8 detector channels.
This new configuration can be readily extended to rapid fluorescence diffuse
optical tomography (FDOT) by enabling sequential source-channel-encoded
excitations of fluorophores.
Thermal effect induced by interstitial irradiation of near-infrared laser with
cylindrical diffuser
Paper 7900-10 of Conference 7900
Date: Monday, 24 January 2011
Time: 2:50 PM 3:10 PM
Author(s): Wei R. Chen, Daniel Figueroa, Kelvin Le, Univ. of Central Oklahoma
(United States); Xiaosong Li, Chinese PLA General Hospital (China); Jonny Walla,
Univ. of Central Oklahoma (United States); Roman F. Wolf, The Univ. of Oklahoma
Health Sciences Ctr. (United States); Hong Liu, The Univ. of Oklahoma (United
States); Robert E. Nordquist, Wound Healing of Oklahoma, Inc. (United States);
Tomas L. M. Hode, Immunophotonics, Inc. (United States)
Hide Abstract Add to My Schedule
The present study is designed to investigate the thermal effect of interstitial
irradiation using an 805-nm laser with a cylindrical diffuser, in order to
overcome the limitations of the non-invasive mode of treatment. Gel phantom,
chicken breast tissue, bovine liver and pig kidney, as well as in vivo rat
tumors were irradiated using this system. The temperature increase was monitored
by thermocouples that were inserted into the tissue at different sites around
the cylinder fiber. Three-dimensional temperature distributions in target
tissues during and after interstitial laser irradiation were also determined by
magnetic resonance thermometry. The preliminary results showed that the output
power of laser and the optical parameters of the target tissue determined the
light distribution in tissue. These results will help us understand and control
the thermal effect induced by interstitial laser irradiation.
Optical path of infrared neural stimulation in the guinea pig cochlea
Paper 7883G-160 of Conference 7883G
Date: Monday, 24 January 2011
Time: 3:10 PM 3:30 PM
Author(s): Laura E. Moreno, Suhrud M. Rajguru, Agnella I. Matic, Nitin Yerram,
Alan M. Robinson, Claus-Peter Richter, Northwestern Univ. (United States)
Hide Abstract Add to My Schedule
It has been demonstrated previously that infrared neural stimulation (INS) can
be utilized to stimulate spiral ganglion cells in the cochlea. Although neural
stimulation can be achieved without direct contact of the radiation source and
the tissue, the presence of fluids or bone between the target structure and the
radiation source may lead to absorption or scattering of the radiation.
Absorption or scattering of radiation may limit the efficacy of INS. The present
study demonstrates that only neural structures in the beam path are stimulated.
The histological reconstructions of guinea pig cochleae stimulated with INS
suggest that the orientation of the beam from the optical fiber determined the
site of stimulation in the cochlea. Best frequencies of the neural responses
obtained from the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus matched the
histological site in the spiral ganglion. Overall, the results indicated that
the stimulated structures in the cochlea are the spiral ganglion cells and not
the nerve fibers in the center of the modiolus.
Pulse shape effects on cochlear responses during infrared neural stimulation
Paper 7883G-161 of Conference 7883G
Date: Monday, 24 January 2011
Time: 3:30 PM 3:50 PM
Author(s): Renee Banakis, Agnella I. Matic, Suhrud M. Rajguru, Claus-Peter
Richter, Northwestern Univ. (United States)
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Infrared neural stimulation (INS) has been shown to be effective in several
neural systems, including peripheral motor nerves, the cortex, and the cochlea.
The leading premise for INS mechanism is that neural depolarization occurs
secondary to a spatially and temporally restricted photothermal interaction. In
other words, a transient temperature rise needs to occur in the tissue to induce
neural stimulation. Several studies have investigated the variability of evoked
responses with different optical parameters. In part, this is motivated by an
interest in minimizing the temperature increase that occurs in the tissue, which
is directly correlated with the amount of energy that is deposited. In this
study, we examined the effect of pulse waveform on the evoked responses of INS
in the cochlea. Pulse waveforms, such as square and triangular pulses with
different rise times, were tested. Energy, power, and temporal properties of
each pulse were verified optically. Cochlear compound action potentials (CAPs)
were recorded from acutely deafened gerbils. The data were analyzed for CAP
threshold and maximum CAP amplitude.
Analysis of near-infrared auto-fluorescence peak found in parathyroid and
thyroid tissues
Paper 7890-18 of Conference 7890
Date: Monday, 24 January 2011
Time: 3:40 PM 4:00 PM
Author(s): Constantine Paras, Lisa White, James Broome, Vanderbilt Univ. (United
States); Edward M. Brown, Brigham and Women's Hospital (United States); Anita
Mahadevan-Jansen, Vanderbilt Univ. (United States)
Hide Abstract Add to My Schedule
Complications such as postoperative hypocalcemia and hypo-parathyroidism can
occur due to accidental or incomplete removal of parathyroid glands during
endocrine surgery. Initial fiber probe measurements have shown that the
parathyroid exhibits markedly higher levels of near-infrared autofluorescence in
comparison to all other tissues in the neck. While there are no biological
fluorophores reported in the literature expressed by thyroid and parathyroid
tissue to explain the documented fluorescence, examination of the anatomy points
to several possible candidates. Fluorescence, tissue and protein analysis were
performed to assess the likelihood of the different potential fluorophores.
Multi-physics system performance model for numerical simulations of infrared
nerve stimulation
Paper 7883G-191 of Conference 7883G
Date: Monday, 24 January 2011
Time: 3:50 PM 4:10 PM
Author(s): Matthew Keller, Bryan Norton, Lockheed Martin Aculight (United
States); Claus-Peter Richter, Agnella Izzo-Matic, Suhrud M. Rajguru,
Northwestern Univ. (United States); Jonathon D. Wells, Lockheed Martin Aculight
(United States)
Hide Abstract Add to My Schedule
Infrared nerve stimulation (INS) is the result of a laser-induced
spatio-temporal temperature gradient. A multi-physics system performance model
was developed to simulate all physical processes associated with INS, with the
objective of identifying optimal laser parameters for stimulating nerves without
causing damage. The model performs these steps: light delivery using
ray-tracing; absorption/scattering of photons via Monte Carlo simulations; and
heat accumulation/dissipation from both absorption of photons and
device-generated heat with a finite difference model. It has been used to
predict the number of allowable channels in an INS-based cochlear implant, and
to examine extraneural vs intrafascicular approaches for peripheral nerves.
Near-infrared fluorescence imaging of lymphatics in head and neck lymphedema
Paper 7890-19 of Conference 7890
Date: Monday, 24 January 2011
Time: 4:00 PM 4:20 PM
Author(s): I-Chih Tan, Erik A. Maus, John C. Rasmussen, Milton V. Marshall,
Caroline E. Fife, Latisha A. Smith, Eva M. Sevick-Muraca, The Univ. of Texas
Health Science Ctr. at Houston (United States)
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Treatment of lymphedema (LE) could be complicated, especially in regions where
treatment options are limited. We present a study in a patient with head and
neck LE. Immediately after intradermal injections of indocyanine green,
near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence images of lymphatics around face and neck were
collected. Also, 3-dimensional (3D) surface profilometry was used to monitor
response to manual lymphatic drainage (MLD) therapy. NIR fluorescence imaging
provides a mapping of functional lymphatic vessels and abnormal structures for
direction of effective MLD therapy, and longitudinal assessment of edema to
evaluate the efficacy of therapy was achieved using 3D profilometry.
Sub-100-nm material processing with sub-15-femtosecond picojoule near-infrared
laser pulses
Paper 7903-54 of Conference 7903
Date: Tuesday, 25 January 2011
Time: 8:00 AM 8:20 AM
Author(s): Karsten Koenig, Aisada A. Uchugonova, Martin H. Straub, Huijing
Zhang, Maziar Afshar, Dara Feili, Helmut Seidel, Univ. des Saarlandes (Germany)
Hide Abstract Add to My Schedule
Ultrabroad band in situ 12 femtosecond near infrared laser pulses at transient
TW/cm2 intensities and low picojoule pulse energies (mean powers < 20 mW at 85
MHz repetition rate) have been used to perform 3D material nanoprocessing based
on multiphoton ionization and plasma formation. Cut sizes of sub-wavelength,
sub-100 nm which is far beyond the Abbe diffraction have been realized without
any collateral damage effect in silicon wafers, photoresists, glass, metals, and
biological targets. Acknowledgments: The authors wish to thank the German
Science Foundation (Key Program 1327) for financial support.
Nanosurgery with near-infrared femtosecond and picosecond laser pulses
Paper 7903-55 of Conference 7903
Date: Tuesday, 25 January 2011
Time: 8:20 AM 8:40 AM
Author(s): Aisada A. Uchugonova, Huijing Zhang, Karsten Koenig, Univ. des
Saarlandes (Germany)
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Laser-assisted surgery based on multiphoton absorption of NIR light has great
potential for high precision surgery at various depths within the cells and
tissues. Especially such non-contact method supports contamination-free cell
surgery. Here we apply femtosecond laser scanning microscopes for sub-100 nm
surgery of human cells and metaphase chromosomes. A mode-locked 85 MHz
Ti:Sapphire laser with an M-shaped ultrabroad band spectrum (maxima: 770 nm/830
nm) with an in situ pulse duration at the target of 12 femtoseconds up to 3
picoseconds due to the introduction of chirped mirrors, flint glass wedges, and
glass blocks was employed. The results of laser nanoprocessing in
cell/chromosome structures have been quantified by atomic force microscopy (AFM)
and electron microscopy. These studies demonstrate the potential of extreme
ultrashort femtosecond laser pulses at low mean milliwatt powers for sub-100 nm
surgery.
Temperature dependence of the key electro-optical characteristics for
mid-infrared emitting quantum cascade lasers
Paper 7953-22 of Conference 7953
Date: Tuesday, 25 January 2011
Time: 11:40 AM 12:10 PM
Author(s): Dan Botez, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison (United States); Sushil Kumar,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (United States); Jae-Cheol Shin, Luke J.
Mawst, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison (United States); Igor Vurgaftman, Jerry R.
Meyer, U.S. Naval Research Lab. (United States)
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The equations for threshold-current density Jth, differential quantum efficiency
?d and maximum wallplug efficiency ?wp.max for quantum-cascade lasers (QCLs) are
modified for electron leakage and backfilling. For conventional mid-infrared
QCLs ?wp.max is found to be strongly temperature dependent; explaining
experimental data. We use a thermal-excitation model of "hot" injected electrons
from the upper laser state to upper active-region energy states to calculate
leakage currents. The characteristic temperature T0 for Jth is estimated and
found to agree well with experiment for both conventional and deep-well (DW)
QCLs. At 300 K, for DW-QCLs, front-facet, CW ?wp.max values > 20 % are
estimated.
Subsurface temperature imaging techniques during infrared laser-tissue
interactions
Paper 7897-32 of Conference 7897
Date: Tuesday, 25 January 2011
Time: 1:30 PM 1:50 PM
Author(s): Rudolf M. Verdaasdonk, Vrije Univ. Medical Ctr. (Netherlands); Stefan
Been, John H. Klaessens, Univ. Medical Ctr. Utrecht (Netherlands)
Hide Abstract Add to My Schedule
A new strategy has been developed obtain thermal images below the surface of
biological tissue by viewing through a ZincSelenide window to study and obtain a
better understanding of the thermo dynamics during laser-tissue interaction of
various IR lasers and delivery systems. In addition, high speed color Schlieren
imaging was applied to visualize temperature gradients in a transparent tissue
model. The thermal, high speed and normal imaging techniques showed to be both
compatible and complementary. The subsurface thermal imaging enable comparison
and better understanding of the tissue effects between various continuous wave
and pulsed IR laser systems and delivery systems.
Near-infrared optical mammography with broadband spectral imaging and depth
discrimination
Paper 7896-52 of Conference 7896
Date: Tuesday, 25 January 2011
Time: 2:10 PM 2:30 PM
Author(s): Yang Yu, Angelo Sassaroli, Tufts Univ. (United States); Marc J.
Homer, Roger A. Graham, Tufts Medical Ctr. (United States); Sergio Fantini,
Tufts Univ. (United States)
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We have previously reported the development of an instrument for diffuse
spectral imaging of the human breast operating over the wavelength range 650-900
nm. We have now implemented depth discrimination capabilities by introducing two
additional collection optical fibers that are off-axis in the x and y
directions, respectively, with respect to the illumination optical fiber.
Validation of the new depth discrimination capabilities has been performed on
tissue-like phantoms. We report depth resolved images of healthy human breasts
and initial clinical results on cancer-bearing breasts that show the potential
of our spectral oxygenation imaging approach combined with depth discrimination.
Skin damage thresholds with continuous-wave laser exposures at the infrared
wavelength of 1.3 ตm
Paper 7897-35 of Conference 7897
Date: Tuesday, 25 January 2011
Time: 2:30 PM 2:50 PM
Author(s): Jeffrey W. Oliver, Semih S. Kumru, Robert J. Thomas, Benjamin A.
Rockwell, Air Force Research Lab. (United States); Corey A. Harbert, Gary D.
Noojin, Isaac Noojin, Kurt J. Schuster, Aurora D. Shingledecker, TASC, Inc.
(United States)
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Damage thresholds (ED50) for skin using Yucatan mini-pig (Sus scrofa domestica)
have been determined at the operational wavelength of 1.3 um with beam diameters
of 0.61 cm and 0.95 cm. Exposure durations of 0.25, 1.0, 2.5 and 10 seconds were
used to determine trends in damage threshold with respect to exposure time and
beam diameter at this moderately penetrating wavelength. A relatively narrow
range of total radiant exposure from 19.3 J/cm^2 to 30.5 J/cm^2 was observed for
threshold damage with laser parameters encompassing a factor of two in beam area
and a factor of forty in exposure duration.
Tunable mid-infrared filter based on Fabry-Pérot interferometer with two movable
reflectors
Paper 7930-18 of Conference 7930
Date: Tuesday, 25 January 2011
Time: 2:30 PM 2:50 PM
Author(s): Marco Meinig, Steffen Kurth, Fraunhofer-Institut für Einrichtung
Elektronische Nanosysteme (Germany); Karla Hiller, Technische Univ. Chemnitz
(Germany); Norbert Neumann, Martin Ebermann, InfraTec GmbH (Germany); Elvira
Gittler, JENOPTIK Optical Systems GmbH (Germany); Thomas Gessner,
Fraunhofer-Institut für Einrichtung Elektronische Nanosysteme (Germany) and
Technische Univ. Chemnitz (Germany)
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Tunable wavelength range, wavelength selectivity, maximum actuation voltage and
robustness against gravitation and vibration are key specifications of
electrically tunable infrared filters for small-sized infrared analysis systems.
Here, a novel FPI based tunable IR filter with two movable reflectors is
reported. A low stiffness suspension of both reflectors leads to compensation of
vibration and gravitation induced forces on the central wavelength, and much
lower actuation voltages (30 V) as a result for a tuning range from 10.2 ตm to 8
ตm, with 150 nm FWHM bandwidth and 70 % peak transmittance. The device
withstands 1500 g, 0.5 ms shocks.
Chromophores design for nonlinear optics in the near infrared
Paper 7935-26 of Conference 7935
Date: Tuesday, 25 January 2011
Time: 3:30 PM 4:00 PM
Author(s): Chantal Andraud, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon (France)
Hide Abstract Add to My Schedule
We present approaches for the design of fluorescent probes featuring high
two-photon absorption (TPA) cross-sections : -using the luminescence properties
of LnIII ions, we designed a new family of ligands-based chromophores inducing
lanthanides emission by two-photon antenna. Two-photon scanning microscopy
bio-imaging with these complexes led to consider them as a new generation of
probes . - photodynamic therapy capability of chromophores, stabilizing triplet
states for singlet oxygen generation combined with TPA properties, was shown. -
to develop probes for second-harmonic generation and two-photon excited
fluoresecence microscopies, we proposed a series of neutral push-pull probe
molecules, fulfilling the right balance between hydrophobicity and
hydrophilicity, for which a good membrane staining could be observed.
Nanostructure formation on silicon surfaces by high repetition-rate sub-15fs
near-infrared laser pulses
Paper 7920-26 of Conference 7920
Date: Tuesday, 25 January 2011
Time: 4:40 PM 5:00 PM
Author(s): Martin H. Straub, Karsten König, Univ. des Saarlandes (Germany)
Hide Abstract Add to My Schedule
On low-indexed crystalline silicon surfaces characteristic micro- and
nanostructures are formed using high repetition-rate sub-15 fs Ti:Sapphire laser
pulses. Sub-nJ pulse energies efficiently induce profound structural and
compositional changes in the high-numerical aperture focus of our laser scanning
microscope. For example, a Si(100) surface exposed to laser light in water
revealed periodic changes in morphology involving oxide particle formation and
sub-10 nm hole arrangements, whereas a similar experiment in oil resulted in
nano-scale deposition of carbon compounds. We present novel investigations as
well as analysis and discussion of phenomena and compare results with
observations made using longer pulse widths.
Nanostructure formation on silicon surfaces by high repetition-rate sub-15fs
near-infrared laser pulses
Paper 7925-26 of Conference 7925
Date: Tuesday, 25 January 2011
Time: 4:40 PM 5:00 PM
Author(s): Martin H. Straub, Karsten König, Univ. des Saarlandes (Germany)
Hide Abstract Add to My Schedule
On low-indexed crystalline silicon surfaces characteristic micro- and
nanostructures are formed using high repetition-rate sub-15 fs Ti:Sapphire laser
pulses. Sub-nJ pulse energies efficiently induce profound structural and
compositional changes in the high-numerical aperture focus of our laser scanning
microscope. For example, a Si(100) surface exposed to laser light in water
revealed periodic changes in morphology involving oxide particle formation and
sub-10 nm hole arrangements, whereas a similar experiment in oil resulted in
nano-scale deposition of carbon compounds. We present novel investigations as
well as analysis and discussion of phenomena and compare results with
observations made using longer pulse widths.
Application of near-infrared fluorescence imaging to monitor changes in HER2
expression after therapeutic intervention
Paper 7910-35 of Conference 7910
Date: Tuesday, 25 January 2011
Time: 5:00 PM 5:20 PM
Author(s): Victor V. Chernomordik, Moinuddin Hassan, Rafal Zielinski, Amir H.
Gandjbakhche, Jacek Capala, National Institutes of Health (United States)
Hide Abstract Add to My Schedule
A method to quantify the overexpression of HER2 receptor in the tumor is
suggested. Quantitative in vivo NIR optical imaging of xenografts mice with
subcutaneous HER2-positive tumors was performed. Fluorescence images were
obtained at several time points after intravenous injection of the dye to
investigate binding kinetics. Compartmental ligands-receptor model was used to
estimate HER2 expression from data, obtained with HER2-specific contrast agent,
and monitor treatment with 17-DMAG. Initial slope, characterizing the temporal
dependence of the fluorescence intensity, detected in the tumor, linearly
depends on the HER2 expression, measured ex vivo by an ELISA assay for the same
tumor.
Progress in Sb-based type II superlattice infrared detector technology and
minority carrier lifetime study
Paper 7945-70 of Conference 7945
Date: Wednesday, 26 January 2011
Time: 9:05 AM 9:25 AM
Author(s): Sumith Bandara, Meimei Z. Tidrow, U.S. Army Night Vision & Electronic
Sensors Directorate (United States)
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Type-II Superlattice detector (T2SL) technology for IR detection has progressed
significantly, demonstrating experimentally potential as a strong candidate for
future high-performance IR sensors. This paper will discuss recent improvements
in device design such as the inclusion of wide-gap based p-n junctions and
optimization of the doping profile in the active layer of the detector. In
addition, advances in device processing, specifically in dry-etch techniques,
have culminated detector arrays with nearly vertical mesa walls. Despite recent
progress, current T2SL detector performance appears to be limited by the shorter
minority carrier lifetime associated with the generation-recombination process.
This paper will analyze T2SL's quantum efficiency and dark current based on
various aspects of the device such as diffusion, generation-recombination and
tunneling, and dependence on the minority carrier lifetime of T2SL detector
material. This analysis will allow us to predict the detector performance as a
function of minority carrier lifetime and possible improvements resulting from
T2SL's flexible bandgap-engineered growth capability. The paper will also
present experimental measurements of minority carrier lifetime of T2SL
detectors.
Near-infrared pulsed light to guide prostate biopsy
Paper 7895-23 of Conference 7895
Date: Wednesday, 26 January 2011
Time: 9:50 AM 10:10 AM
Author(s): Jérôme Boutet, Aurelie Laidevant, Lionel Hervé, Mathieu Debourdeau,
Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (France); Didier Vray, CREATIS-LRMN INSA
(France); Jean-Marc Dinten, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (France)
Hide Abstract Add to My Schedule
A combined ultrasound and optical endorectal probe was designed to comply with
the constraints of the sterilization protocols, the examination duration and
required compactness. Therefore a totally innovative pulsed laser source has
been designed to meet compactness requirements while providing accurate
time-resolved measurements. A dedicated multi-channel photon counting system was
optimized to decrease the examination duration. A fast reconstruction method
based on the analysis of the intensity and time of flight of the detected
photons has been associated to provide 3D localization of fluorescent dots
almost immediately after acquisition.
Potential of carbon nanotubes films for infrared bolometers
Paper 7945-75 of Conference 7945
Date: Wednesday, 26 January 2011
Time: 11:00 AM 11:20 AM
Author(s): Charlie Koechlin, Sylvain B. Maine, ONERA (France) and Ctr. National
de la Recherche Scientifique (France); Stéphanie Rennesson, Riad Haïdar, B.
Tretout, Julien Jaeck, ONERA (France); Nicolas Péré-Laperne, Jean-Luc Pelouard,
Ctr. National de la Recherche Scientifique (France)
No abstract available Add to My Schedule
Development of chipscale chalcogenide glass based infrared chemical sensors
Paper 7945-86 of Conference 7945
Date: Wednesday, 26 January 2011
Time: 4:30 PM 4:50 PM
Author(s): Juejun Hu, Univ. of Delaware (United States); J. David Musgraves,
Clemson Univ. (United States); Nathan Carlie, Clemson Univ. (Albania); Bogdan
Zdyrko, Igor Luzinov, Clemson Univ. (United States); Anuradha M. Agarwal,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (United States); Kathleen Richardson,
Clemson Univ. (United States); Lionel C. Kimerling, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology (United States)
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In this talk, we will review the design, processing, and characterization of
novel planar infrared chemical sensors. Chalcogenide glasses are identified as
the material of choice for sensing given their wide infrared transparency as
well as almost unlimited capacity for composition alloying and property
tailoring. We show that high-Q chalcogenide glass micro-disk optical resonant
cavities can operate in several sensing modes where different molecular species
are detected using distinctive yet complementary mechanisms. As a consequence,
molecules can be sensed with improved detection sensitivity and specificity. We
further illustrate that resonant cavities can also serve as an ideal device
platform for cavity-enhanced opto-mechanical interactions, which potentially
enables multi-functional molecular manipulation and detection.
Efficient vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers for infrared illumination
applications
Paper 7952-15 of Conference 7952
Date: Wednesday, 26 January 2011
Time: 4:40 PM 5:00 PM
Author(s): Jean-Francois Seurin, Guoyang Xu, Baiming Guo, Alexander Miglo, Qing
Wang, Prachi Pradhan, James D. Wynn, Viktor Khalfin, Wei-Xiong Zou, Chuni Ghosh,
Robert Van Leeuwen, Princeton Optronics, Inc. (United States)
Hide Abstract Add to My Schedule
Infrared illumination is used in the commercial and defense markets for
surveillance, security, and military covert operations. Vertical-cavity
surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) are an attractive candidate for illumination
applications, as they offer advantageous properties such as efficiency, low
diverging circular beam, low-cost manufacturing, narrow spectrum, and
reliability. We will present results on VCSEL single devices and large arrays
for illumination applications, as well as results on VCSEL-based illumination
experiments. These VCSELs emit from a few hundred's of mW to several ten's of
Watts of infrared power and are used in illuminators emitting from a few Watts
up to several hundred Watts.
In-situ formation of microstructures near live cells using spatially structured
near-infrared laser microbeam
Paper 7908-17 of Conference 7908
Date: Wednesday, 26 January 2011
Time: 4:40 PM 5:00 PM
Author(s): Ninad D. Ingle, Ling Gu, Samarendra K. Mohanty, The Univ. of Texas at
Arlington (United States)
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Cellular and axonal migration is important from various physiological aspects
including immune-response, neuronal injury-repair and formation of functional
cellular-networks during organogenesis. In order to study cellular behavior such
as polarization in response to inhibition, physical obstacles have been created
by different microfabrication methods. We report formation of linear
microstructures from the culture media in regular petridish near growing cells
using spatially-structured near infrared (NIR) laser beam. This would enable
study of response of cells/axons to the immediate physical hindrance provided by
such structure formation and also eliminate the biocompatibility requirement
posed on artificial microstructure materials. We will present these results and
put forward our hypothesis behind the structure formation mechanism.
Some aspects of far infrared spectroscopy of explosive materials
Paper 7938-19 of Conference 7938
Date: Wednesday, 26 January 2011
Time: 6:00 PM
Author(s): Norbert Palka, Mieczyslaw Szustakowski, Tomasz Trzcinski, Military
Univ. of Technology (Poland)
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This paper presents some potentially interesting aspects of spectroscopic
measurements of explosive materials in Far-Infrared (Terahertz) range:
preparation of the samples, influence of grain size of particles inside the
sample, influence of covering by clothes and influence of phlegmatization of
explosives - addition an agent to an explosive material to stabilize or
desensitize it. Moreover, two commonly used techniques - Far Infrared Fourier
Spectroscopy and Time Domain Spectroscopy are presented and compared.
Higher operating temperature infrared detectors using quantum dots and type II
superlattices
Paper 7951-3 of Conference 7951
Date: Thursday, 27 January 2011
Time: 8:50 AM 9:20 AM
Author(s): Sanjay Krishna, Ctr. for High Technology Materials (United States)
Hide Abstract Add to My Schedule
The third generation of infrared detectors has been focused on obtaining higher
operating temperature (HOT) detectors. Even as the detector community has been
trying to push the operating temperature higher, the refrigerator community has
been undertaking research on developing low cost, light weight coolers. We have
been undertaking research on infrared detectors based on InAs/GaAs quantum dots
in a well (DWELL) and InAs/GaSb superlattices. We will discuss approaches to
incorporate unipolar barriers in the superlattices to prevent noise generating
mechanisms. We are also undertaking shape engineering of the dots to produce
infrared detectors operating at higher temperatures.
Compact laser transmitter providing precision aligned visible and infrared beams
Paper 7923-13 of Conference 7923
Date: Thursday, 27 January 2011
Time: 9:00 AM 9:20 AM
Author(s): Hong-Shik Lee, Yeo-Taek Yoon, Chang-Hyun Park, Haeng-In Kim,
Kwangwoon Univ. (Korea, Republic of); Seung-Chan Lim, Korea Telecom (Korea,
Republic of); Sang-Shin Lee, Kwangwoon Univ. (Korea, Republic of)
Hide Abstract Add to My Schedule
The free space optics has received enormous attention in view of its variosu
applications such as the visible light communications and especially the
multiple integrated laser engagement systems (MILES). We have proposed and built
a laser transmitter providing precision aligned visible and infrared beams,
exploiting an optical sub-assembly module. Both visible (~650 nm) and infrared
(~904 nm) laser diodes were combined by a wavelength division multiplexing
filter and coupled to a short fiber. They were subsequentl collimated
simultaneously to provide two collinear beams. The alignment angle between the
visible and infrared beam was <0.01o; the propagation characteristics of the
visible and infrared beams were evaluated.
Mid-infrared femtosecond frequency combs for sensing and optical clocks
Paper 7917-45 of Conference 7917
Date: Thursday, 27 January 2011
Time: 9:20 AM 9:50 AM
Author(s): Irina T. Sorokina, Norwegian Univ. of Science and Technology
(Norway); Evgeni Sorokin, Vienna Univ. of Technology (Austria)
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We review recent advances in frequency comb sources based on Cr2+:chalcogenide
lasers, operating between 1.9 and 3.6 micron, and their applications to
"frequency comb spectroscopy" and other sensing techniques. These lasers exhibit
the broadest among existing lasers continuous tuning over 1400 nm and 80-fs
pulses, all at ambient conditions. The lasers operate in transportable hybrid
fiber-bulk form, and allow novel techniques like dual-comb method and
intracavity spectroscopy. The femtosecond frequency combs also serve as a
starting point for synchroniously pumped OPOs. The talk highlights the radical
efficiency increase when such sources are applied to high-resolution molecular
spectroscopy and gas sensing.
Mid-infrared photonics in silicon
Paper 7917-46 of Conference 7917
Date: Thursday, 27 January 2011
Time: 10:30 AM 11:00 AM
Author(s): Alexander Spott, Yang Liu, Tom W. Baehr-Jones, Rob Ilic, Michael
Hochberg, Univ. of Washington (United States)
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Silicon waveguides have, to date, largely been designed to operate near the
telecommunication bands in the near infrared. The mid-infrared (MIR)
wavelengths, which range from two to twenty microns, are critical for a number
of application areas, including chemical bond spectroscopy and thermal imaging.
We show results, using commercially available silicon-on-sapphire wafers, for
low-loss (~4 dB/cm) waveguides and what we believe to be the first working
microresonators operating at wavelengths around 5.5 um in silicon guides. This
talk will discuss the applications for mid-infrared integrated photonics in the
silicon system, particularly for sensing and nonlinear optics.
Nanoprocessing of glass and PMMA by means of near infrared sub-15 femtosecond
laser pulses
Paper 7921-19 of Conference 7921
Date: Thursday, 27 January 2011
Time: 11:00 AM 11:20 AM
Author(s): Huijing Zhang, Karsten König, Maziar Afshar, Dara Feili, Helmut
Seidel, Univ. des Saarlandes (Germany)
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A near infrared sub-15 femtosecond laser scanning microscope was employed for
structuring of colored glass and PMMA. The 400 mW Ti-Sapphire laser works at 85
MHz with an M-shaped emission spectrum with maxima at 770 nm and 827 nm. By
using a high NA objective, light intensity of about 10 TW/cm² at the focal plane
can be reached. A mean power of less than 17 mW, which corresponds to the pulse
energy of 0.2 nJ, was sufficient for drilling holes and ablating materials.
Two-photon fluorescence measurements, which can be performed with the same
microscope, reveal the creation of filaments within the specimens, likely caused
by self focusing effects. Holes with a diameter of less than 170 nm, were
produced without chemical etching. The results are compared with those obtained
by using 300 fs and 3 ps laser pulses.
Field assisted sintering of infrared sensor windows
Paper 7912-65 of Conference 7912
Date: Thursday, 27 January 2011
Time: 11:30 AM 11:50 AM
Author(s): Aaron Rape, Joginder Singh, Applied Research Lab. (United States);
Sudhir B. Trivedi, Brimrose Corp. of America (United States); Vijay Shukla,
Rajendra Sadangi, Plasmadynamics, LLC (United States); Narasimha S. Prasad, NASA
Langley Research Ctr. (United States)
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Several materials including MgAl2O4 (Spinel) and Lutetium Oxide (Lu2O3) are good
candidate materials for IR window applications. Effort is underway to produce
nano-grained polycrystalline transparent materials that will be fabricated by
the emerging Field Assisted Sintering Technology (FAST). FAST allows sintering
of ceramic materials close to 100% theoretical density to achieve high IR
transparency. Several material systems will be sintered using the FAST system.
FAST parameters will be studied and optimized to achieve fully dense samples of
these materials. Optical and micro-structural properties of these IR ceramic
windows materials will be characterized and described in this paper.
Infrared spoof plasmons on nano-membranes: physics and applications
Paper 7946-59 of Conference 7946
Date: Thursday, 27 January 2011
Time: 2:00 PM 2:30 PM
Author(s): Gennady Shvets, The Univ. of Texas at Austin (United States);
Alexander Khanikaev, The Univ. of Texas at Austin (United States) and Macquarie
Univ. (Australia); S. Hossein Mousavi, Burton Neuner III, The Univ. of Texas at
Austin (United States)
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Highly confined ``spoof'' surface plasmon-like (SSP) modes are theoretically
predicted to exist in a perforated metal film coated with a thin dielectric
layer. Strong confinement of the modes is achieved due to the additional
waveguiding by the layer. Spectral characteristics, field distribution, and
lifetime of these SSPs are tunable by the holes' shape and geometry. SSPs exist
both above and below the light line, enabling two different classes of
applications: to "perfect" far-field absorption and to efficient emission into
guided modes. It is shown experimentally that these plasmon-like modes can turn
thin weakly-absorbing semiconductor films into "perfect" absorbers.
Spectral beam combining of infrared quantum cascade laser arrays
Paper 7953-58 of Conference 7953
Date: Thursday, 27 January 2011
Time: 3:00 PM 3:20 PM
Author(s): Ralf Ostendorf, Stefan Hugger, Rolf Aidam, Rainer Loesch, Quankui K.
Yang, Wolfgang Bronner, Rachid Driad, Frank Fuchs, Joachim Wagner,
Fraunhofer-Institut für Angewandte Festkörperphysik (Germany); Michael Raab,
Eugen Romasew, Hans-Dieter Tholl, Diehl BGT Defence GmbH & Co. KG (Germany)
Hide Abstract Add to My Schedule
We combined the output of electrically driven InP-based quantum cascade (QC)
laser arrays by applying the concept of spectral beam combining in an external
cavity (EC) setup. The EC setup provides wavelength selective feedback and
forces each single emitter on the QC mini-bar to operate at a well defined
wavelength. We demonstrate that spectral beam combining can be applied at
different wavelengths in the mid- and far infrared region. Furthermore, the EC
setup allows a certain degree of tunability of the central wavelength during
operation by rotating the grating.
Double-cladding fiber-based detection system for intravascular mapping of
fluorescent molecular probes
Paper 7894-22 of Conference 7894
Date: Saturday, 22 January 2011
Time: 4:40 PM 5:00 PM
Author(s): R. Nika Razansky, Mathias S. Mueller, Nikolaos C. Deliolanis,
Technische Univ. München (Germany); Farouc A. Jaffer M.D., Massachusetts General
Hospital (United States); Alexander W. Koch, Vasilis Ntziachristos, Technische
Univ. München (Germany)
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Early detection of high-risk coronary atherosclerosis remains an unmet clinical
challenge. In this work we improve previously demonstrated near-infrared
fluorescence catheter system performance by introducing a novel high resolution
sensor. The main challenge of the intravascular sensor is to provide a highly
focused spot at an application relevant distance on one hand and a highly
efficient collection of emitted light on the other. The sensor automatically
rotates and is being pulled-back, while each scanned point is mapped according
to the amount of detected fluorescent emission. The resulting map of
fluorescence activity in combination with artery morphology associates the
atherosclerotic plaques with the inflammation process. This can help to
differentiate the atherosclerotic plaques based on their biological activity and
identify the ones that prone to rupture and require more medical attention.
Integrated plasmonic systems for ultrasensitive biodetection
Paper 7943-1 of Conference 7943
Date: Sunday, 23 January 2011
Time: 10:30 AM 11:00 AM
Author(s): Hatice Altug, Ahmet A. Yanik, Ronen Adato, Serap Aksu, Alp Artar, Min
Huang, Arif E. Cetin, Boston Univ. (United States)
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Plasmonics, by localizing light to the sub-wavelength volumes and dramatically
enhancing local fields, is enabling myriad of exciting possibilities in
bio-detection field. In this talk, I will demonstrate an ultra-sensitive
surface-enhanced infrared spectroscopy enabling direct detection of molecular
specific signatures of proteins from monolayer thick films. Our enhancement
method exploits engineering of diffractive couplings among plasmonic
nano-antenna arrays. I will then present a low-cost fabrication method for
high-throughput fabrication of these engineered antenna arrays. Finally, I will
show an integrated nanoplasmonic-nanofluidic sensor platform leading to targeted
analyte delivery and dramatically improved sensor response time.
Intrinsic optical signal imaging of glucose-stimulated physiological responses
in the insulin secreting INS-1 ß-cell line
Paper 7907-35 of Conference 7907
Date: Sunday, 23 January 2011
Time: 3:50 PM 4:10 PM
Author(s): Yi-Chao Li, Wanxing Cui, Xujing Wang, Franklin Amthor, Xin-Cheng Yao,
The Univ. of Alabama at Birmingham (United States)
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Intrinsic optical signal (IOS) imaging has been established for noninvasive
monitoring of stimulus-evoked physiological responses in the retina and other
neural tissues. Recently, we extended the IOS imaging technology for functional
evaluation of an insulin secreting ß-cell line: the INS-1 cells. It is a popular
model for investigating ß-cell function and diabetes. Our experiments indicate
that IOS imaging allows simultaneous monitoring of glucose-stimulated
physiological responses in multiple cells with high spatial (sub-cellular) and
temporal (sub-second) resolution, and rapid image sequences reveal transient
optical responses that have time courses comparable to the glucose-evoked ß-cell
electrical activities.
Inverse problem for biomedical applications: use of prior information on target
and forward model parameters
Paper 7896-21 of Conference 7896
Date: Monday, 24 January 2011
Time: 8:30 AM 8:50 AM
Author(s): Fabrizio Martelli, Univ. degli Studi di Firenze (Italy); Samuele Del
Bianco, Istituto di Fisica Applicata Nello Carrara (Italy); Giovanni Zaccanti,
Univ. degli Studi di Firenze (Italy)
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We propose the use of a retrieval operator for biomedical applications in
near-infrared spectroscopy. The proposed retrieval operator is based on the
"Optimal Estimation" method. The main characteristic of this method relates to
the possibility to include prior information both on target and on forward model
parameters of the inversion procedure. Prior information determines a benefit
for the whole retrieval procedure. The procedure has been tested on
time-resolved simulated experiments obtained with a Monte Carlo code. The
results obtained show that an improved performance of the procedure is obtained
when prior information on target and forward model parameters is available.
High power optically pumped VECSELs emitting in 1310 nm and 1550 nm bands
Paper 7919-2 of Conference 7919
Date: Monday, 24 January 2011
Time: 8:45 AM 9:15 AM
Author(s): Alexei Sirbu, Alexandru Mereuta, Andrei Caliman, Eli E. Kapon, Ecole
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (Switzerland); Jussi Rautiainen, Jari
Lyytikainen, Oleg Okhotnikov, Tampere Univ. of Technology (Finland); Jaroslaw
Walczak, Tomasz Czyszanowski, Technical Univ. of Lodz (Poland)
Hide Abstract Add to My Schedule
Optically pumped VECSELs emitting in 1310 nm and 1550 nm bands based on wafer
fused InAlGaAs/InP-AlGaAs/GaAs gain mirrors with 3 and 5 groups of quantum wells
in active half-cavities that are bonded to intra-cavity diamond heat-spreaders
demonstrate very low thermal impedance of 2 K/W, high CW single mode continuous
wave output of 2 W at room temperature for devices with 5 groups of quantum
wells and more than 4 W for devices with 3 groups of quantum wells. Thermal and
optical modelling of these devices is performed resulting in quite good
agreement with experimental results.
A CARS solution with high temporal resolution
Paper 7903-44 of Conference 7903
Date: Monday, 24 January 2011
Time: 3:41 PM 3:53 PM
Author(s): Stefanie Landwehr, William Hay, Vishnu Vardhan Krishnamachari, Leica
Microsystems CMS GmbH (Germany)
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Confocal and multiphoton microscopy are powerful fluorescence techniques for
morphological and dynamics studies of labeled elements. For non-fluorescent
components, CARS (Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering) microscopy can be used
for imaging various elements of cells such as lipids, proteins, DNA, etc. This
technique is based on the intrinsic vibrational properties of the molecules.
Leica Microsystems has combined CARS technology with its TCS SP5 II confocal
microscope to provide several advantages for CARS imaging. The Leica TCS CARS
combines two technologies in one system: a conventional scanner for maximum
resolution and a resonant scanner for highly time resolved imaging. For CARS
microscopy, two picosecond near-infrared lasers are tightly overlapped spatially
and temporally and sent directly into the confocal system. The conventional
scanner can be used for morphological studies and the resonant scanner for
following dynamic processes of unstained living cells. The fast scanner has
several advantages over other solutions. First, the sectioning is truly confocal
and does not suffer from spatial leakage. Second, the high speed (29 images/sec
@ 512x512 pixels) provides fast data acquisition at video rates, allowing
studies at the sub-cellular level. In summary, CARS microscopy combined with the
tandem scanner makes the Leica TCS CARS a powerful tool for multi-modal and
three-dimensional imaging of chemical and biological samples. We will present
our solution and show results from recent studies with the Leica CARS instrument
to illustrate the high flexibility of our system.
Out-of-plane translatory mems actuator with extraordinary large stroke for
optical path length modulation
Paper 7930-15 of Conference 7930
Date: Tuesday, 25 January 2011
Time: 1:50 PM 2:10 PM
Author(s): Thilo Sandner, Thomas Grasshoff, Harald Schenk, Fraunhofer Institute
for Photonic Microsystems (Germany); Andreas Kenda, Carinthian Tech Research AG
(Austria)
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A translatory MOEMS actuator with extraordinary large stroke - especially
developed for fast optical path length modulation in miniaturized
FTIR-spectrometers - is presenฌted. A precise translational out-of-plane
oscillation at 500 Hz with large stroke of up to 1 mm is realized by means of a
new suspension design of the comparative large mirror plate with 19.6 mm²
aperture using four pantographs. The MOEMS device is driven electro- statically
resonant and is manufactured in a CMOS compatible SOI process. Up to ฑ 500 ตm
amplitude has been measured in vacuum of 50 Pa and 90 V driving voltage.
Pixel isolation of low dark-current large-format InAs/GaSb superlattice
complementary barrier infrared detector focal plane arrays with high fill factor
Paper 7945-67 of Conference 7945
Date: Tuesday, 25 January 2011
Time: 4:45 PM 5:00 PM
Author(s): Jean Nguyen, Cory J. Hill, Don Rafol, Sam A. Keo, Alexander Soibel,
David Z. Y. Ting, Jason M. Mumolo, John K. Liu, Sarath D. Gunapala, Jet
Propulsion Lab. (United States)
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Low dark current and high fill factor are two crucial characteristics for the
realization of the InAs/GaSb superlattice technology as third generation FPAs.
Recent development proved high performance results for CBIRD design, and a
high-quality etch technique is required to minimize surface leakage currents. We
report on a n-CBIRD with 10.3 um cutoff, exhibiting a responsivity of 1.7 A/W
and dark current density of 1x10^-5 A/cm2 at 77K under 0.2 V bias, without AR
coating and without passivation. Results from four different mesa isolation
techniques are compared on single element diodes. Our technique yielded more
than 2.5 times improvement in dark current density and near-vertical sidewalls.
Using this etching technique, we implement a 1k x 1k p-CBIRD array with 11 um
cutoff. Operating at 80K, the array yielded a 81% fill factor with 98%
operability and performance results of 21% quantum efficiency, 53 mK NEDT, and
NEI of 6.9x10^13 photons/sec-cm2.
Functional imaging of tumor-associated lymphatics
Paper 7910-39 of Conference 7910
Date: Tuesday, 25 January 2011
Time: 6:20 PM 6:40 PM
Author(s): Sunkuk Kwon, Eva M. Sevick-Muraca, The Univ. of Texas Health Science
Ctr. at Houston (United States)
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Abnormal lymphatic function and flow are implicated in a number of pathological
conditions, including cancer metastasis. Yet despite the important role of
lymphatics as a critical pathway for cancer metastasis, relatively little is
known about tumor-associated lymphatic function, due in part to the inability to
directly image the lymphatics in vivo. Herein, we developed an approach to
non-invasively and quantitatively image transient changes of lymphatic
contractile function and flow patterns in response to tumor progression and
metastasis using a near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging technique.
NIR DLPฎ hyperspectral imaging system for medical applications
Paper 7932-3 of Conference 7932
Date: Wednesday, 26 January 2011
Time: 9:00 AM 9:20 AM
Author(s): Eleanor F. Wehner, Abhas Thapa, The Univ. of Texas at Arlington
(United States); Edward Livingston, The Univ. of Texas Southwestern Medical Ctr.
at Dallas (United States); Karel J. Zuzak, The Univ. of Texas at Arlington
(United States) and Digital Light Innovations (United States)
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Hyperspectral reflectance imaging has been extended beyond the visible into the
near infrared (NIR) spectral range. A novel NIR DLPฎ-based system has been
developed and tested to produce chemically encoded images for clinical utility.
NIR illumination penetrates into deeper tissue and detects reflectance
spectroscopy from areas previously inaccessible. The new NIR system can image
anteriorly placed anatomical structures usually obscured by connective tissues,
which can be used to assist surgeons during gall bladder surgery.
Dual-modality in-vivo imaging for MRI detection of tumors and NIRF-guided
surgery using multicomponent nanoparticles
Paper 7908-4 of Conference 7908
Date: Wednesday, 26 January 2011
Time: 9:10 AM 9:30 AM
Author(s): Jaehong Key, Purdue Univ. (United States); Kwangmeyung Kim, Ick Chan
Kwon, Kuiwon Choi, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (Korea, Republic
of); Deborah Knapp, James F. Leary, Purdue Univ. (United States)
Hide Abstract Add to My Schedule
Detecting early-stage cancer noninvasively and removing it specifically during
surgery is challenging. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is excellent for
noninvasive cancer detection, but MRI using contrast agents does not have enough
sensitivity to delineate tumor margins during surgery, and is too slow for
real-time, guided-surgery. NIRF imaging can be used to delineate tumor margins
during surgery, where intervening tissue is resected or removed. To overcome
these restrictions we have developed dual-modality in-vivo imaging for MRI
detection of tumors and NIRF-guided surgery using multi-component nanoparticles
with NIRF dye, Cy5.5, conjugated to superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) embedded
glycol chitosan (HGC) nanoparticles.
Effect of the oxide-semiconductor interface on the passivation of hybrid type-II
superlattice long-wave infrared photodiodes
Paper 7945-72 of Conference 7945
Date: Wednesday, 26 January 2011
Time: 9:40 AM 9:55 AM
Author(s): Jill A. Nolde, U.S. Naval Research Lab. (United States); Rory Stine,
Nova Research, Inc. (United States); Eric M. Jackson, Chadwick L. Canedy, Igor
Vurgaftman, U.S. Naval Research Lab. (United States); Serguei I. Maximenko,
Global Defense Technology & Systems, Inc. (United States); Chaffra A. Affouda,
U.S. Naval Research Lab. (United States); Maria Gonzalez, Global Defense
Technology & Systems, Inc. (United States); Edward H. Aifer, Jerry R. Meyer,
U.S. Naval Research Lab. (United States)
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In order to be commercially viable, type-II superlattice (T2SL) LWIR focal plane
array technology requires the development of effective passivation of exposed
surfaces. Here we investigate the relationship between the thickness and
composition of the native oxide at the T2SL-SiO2 interface and diode
performance. Sidewall resistivity is compared between samples with untreated
surfaces, with the native oxide chemically etched, and with ozone exposure to
promote oxide growth. Identically processed InAs- and GaSb-capped pieces were
studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to determine the composition and
thickness of the surface oxides which is then correlated to device performance.
Room-temperature 4.0-ตm broadened optical pumping injection cavity lasers
Paper 7953-39 of Conference 7953
Date: Wednesday, 26 January 2011
Time: 2:40 PM 3:00 PM
Author(s): Linda J. Olafsen, Lauren E. Bain, Baylor Univ. (United States);
William W. Bewley, Igor Vurgaftman, Jerry R. Meyer, U.S. Naval Research Lab.
(United States); Hao Lee, Sarnoff Corp. (United States) and Applied
Optoelectronics Inc. (United States); Ramon U. Martinelli, Sarnoff Corp. (United
States)
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Broadened optical pumping injection cavity (OPIC) lasers pumped at fixed (1850
nm) and resonantly tuned optical pumping wavelengths operate in pulsed mode
above room temperature. These devices employ InAs/GaSb/InAs/AlSb type-II W
active regions positioned in resonant cavities between GaSb/AlAsSb mirror
stacks. Emission wavelengths range from 3.59 ตm at 78 K to 4.01 ตm at 310 K for
1850 nm pumping. The broadened OPIC configuration presents a distinct advantage
over earlier reported OPIC devices as the broader resonance leads to efficient
emission across a wide temperature range for a single pump wavelength (1850 nm),
providing over 400 nm of wavelength tuning.
Cr:ZnSe planar waveguide mid-IR laser
Paper 7912-54 of Conference 7912
Date: Wednesday, 26 January 2011
Time: 4:40 PM 5:00 PM
Author(s): Jonathan E. Willimas, Dmitri V. Martyshkin, Vladimir V. Fedorov, The
Univ. of Alabama at Birmingham (United States); Igor S. Moskalev, IPG Photonics
- Mid-Infrared Lasers (United States); Renato P. Camata, Sergey B. Mirov, The
Univ. of Alabama at Birmingham (United States)
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We report the first mid-IR Cr:ZnSe planar waveguides lasing and application of
the Cr:ZnSe thin-film structures for passive Q-switching of the solid state
lasers. The lasing of the Cr:ZnSe waveguide was achieved at 2.6 ตm under optical
pulse excitation at 1.56 ตm. The laser threshold was equal to 100 mJ/cm^2.
Highly doped Cr:ZnSe/sapphire sample was used for passive Q-switching of the
fiber pumped Er(0.5%):YAG laser operating at 1645 nm. Passively Q-switched
Er:YAG laser operated at repetition rate of 20 kHz with an output power of 100
mW and the ratio of the Q-switched to free-running output power of 67%.
VLWIR high operating temperature non-equilibrium photovoltaic HgCdTe devices
Paper 7945-59 of Conference 7945
Date: Tuesday, 25 January 2011
Time: 1:50 PM 2:10 PM
Author(s): Silviu Velicu, Christoph H. Grein, EPIR Technologies, Inc. (United
States); Anne Itsuno, Jamie D. Phillips, Univ. of Michigan (United States)
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A nearly universal goal for infrared photon detection systems is to increase
their operating temperature without sacrificing performance. Device designs have
been proposed to suppress Auger processes in the absorber by placing it between
exclusion and extraction junctions under reverse bias. In this work, we analyze
the non-equilibrium operation of mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR), long wavelength
infrared (LWIR) and very long wavelength infrared (VLWIR) HgCdTe devices and
identify the performance improvements (operation temperature, responsivity,
detectivity) expected when Auger suppression occurs. We will also describe our
experimental work to realize the non-equilibrium structure and device
requirements, with an emphasis on the molecular beam epitaxy growth of MWIR,
LWIR and VLWIR structures. We will present an analysis and comparison of our
theoretical and experimental non-equilibrium device results.
Mid-IR lasing of Cr:ZnSe/As2S3:As2Se3 composite materials
Paper 7912-55 of Conference 7912
Date: Wednesday, 26 January 2011
Time: 5:00 PM 5:20 PM
Author(s): Dmitri V. Martyshkin, Vladimir V. Fedorov, The Univ. of Alabama at
Birmingham (United States) and IPG Photonics Corp. (United States); Jonathan T.
Goldstein, Air Force Research Lab. (United States); Sergey B. Mirov, The Univ.
of Alabama at Birmingham (United States) and IPG Photonics - Mid-Infrared Lasers
(United States)
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The proposed transition metal doped Cr:ZnSe/As2S3:As2Se3 composite materials
with index matching of II-VI and V-VI components represent a new way for design
of mid-infrared laser active fibers. It allows combining chalcogenide glasses as
a host mid-IR fiber material with chromium doped II-VI semiconductor compounds
which proved to be excellent mid-IR gain material. Chalcogenide glasses
capability to vary refractive index from n=2.1 to n=2.5 provides a pathway to
refractive index optimization and matching to ZnS (n=2.26) and ZnSe (n=2.44)
crystals eliminating scattering losses. We report the first to our knowledge
room-temperature laser oscillation of Cr: ZnSe/As2S3:As2Se3 compound at 2.4 ตm.
The operation of nanoscale antennae with complex geometries
Paper 7937-46 of Conference 7937
Date: Tuesday, 25 January 2011
Time: 3:10 PM 3:25 PM
Author(s): Matthew S. Sederberg, Abdulhakem Y. Elezzabi, Univ. of Alberta
(Canada)
Hide Abstract Add to My Schedule
The nanometer dimensions which allow for plasmonic resonsances in the optical
regime also permit high spatial resolution and a compact antenna footprint.
While scaling the antenna to larger dimensions allows for operating wavelengths
in the mid-infrared, integration densities are drastically reduced. In order to
increase integration densities, it would be desirable to design a nanoscale
antenna which resonates in the mid-infrared. In this work, we investigate
several antenna designs which incorporate complex geometry and demonstrate how
it is possible to shift the operating wavelength of the antenna to the
mid-infrared while maintaining a footprint which is comparable to their optical
counterparts.
From multi kW continuous wave to multi MW femtosecond pulses: recent
developments exploiting disk laser technology
Paper 7912-8 of Conference 7912
Date: Monday, 24 January 2011
Time: 8:50 AM 9:10 AM
Author(s): Sascha Weiler, Marco Holzer, TRUMPF Laser- und Systemtechnik GmbH
(Germany)
Hide Abstract Add to My Schedule
Disk lasers combine high efficiency, excellent beam quality, high average and/or
peak power with moderate cost and high reliability at multiple wavelengths,
ranging from the infrared over the green to the ultraviolet. The demonstrated
infrared average powers range from tens of kW in CW operation over >1 kW in ns
pulses to >100 W in ps pulses and > 70 W in fs pulses. Wavelength conversion for
nearly all modes of operation, e.g. 700 W@515nm in ns pulses, enlarges the
fields of applications, making the disk technology today's most versatile laser
platform.
Quantum cascade laser-based replacement for FTIR microscopy
Paper 7902-45 of Conference 7902
Date: Monday, 24 January 2011
Time: 12:20 PM 12:40 PM
Author(s): Miles Weida, Brandon Yee, Daylight Solutions, Inc. (United States)
Hide Abstract Add to My Schedule
External cavity quantum cascade (QC) lasers provide a broadly tunable
mid-infrared (IR) light source that has potential to be coupled with room
temperature microbolometer focal plane arrays to realize low-cost, compact, room
temperature IR microscopes that surpass the performance of Fourier transform
infrared (FTIR) microscopes, and are suitable for tissue analysis in clinical
environments. The present study considers the issues of constructing an external
cavity QC laser-based IR microscope, and offers demonstration of key performance
parameters.
In-vitro photothernmal destruction of cancer cells using gold nanorods and
pulsed-train near-infrared lasers
Paper 7909-6 of Conference 7909
Date: Saturday, 22 January 2011
Time: 10:40 AM 11:00 AM
Author(s): Jui-Teng Lin, National Taiwan Univ. (Taiwan); Yueh-Sheng Chiang,
Hsia-Wei Liu, Fu-Jen Catholic Univ. (Taiwan); Guan-Hung Lin, Hsinyu Lee,
Wen-Ming Hsu, National Taiwan Univ. (Taiwan)
Hide Abstract Add to My Schedule
We present a novel pulsed-train laser system (with wavelength at 750, 808 and
915 nm) with real time temperature monitoring of the laser heated cancer cell
solutions at various absorption coefficients (A). The irradiation time needed
(t) for killing the cancel cells 30-90 seconds is much shorter than conventional
methods (5-10 minutes). Cell viabilities in gold nanorods mixed and controlled
solutions are studied by green fluorescence. We also study the selective
features of various antibody conjugations expressed on the surface of various
cancer cells. Dynamic temperature profiles of the laser-heated cell solutions
various laser fluence are recorded and compared with theoretical simulations.
'Spectral a priori' to 'spatial a posteriori' in continuous-wave image
reconstruction in near-infrared optical tomography
Paper 7892-12 of Conference 7892
Date: Saturday, 22 January 2011
Time: 2:00 PM 2:20 PM
Author(s): Guan Xu, Daqing Piao, Oklahoma State Univ. (United States); Hamid
Dehghani, The Univ. of Birmingham (United Kingdom)
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This work examines the robustness of spectral prior to continuous-wave based
image reconstruction for unique recovering of chromophores and scattering
property distributions by analytical approaches and simulation. The findings
include: 1) the analytical solution shows that the unknown parameters can be
independently reconstructed with continuous-wave measurements; 2) the level of
artifacts in scattering power reconstruction is intrinsically most significant;
3) the DC only reconstruction produces least background artifacts, and; 4)
increasing the number of wavelengths does not necessarily improve the
reconstruction accuracy; 5) including DC component in frequency-domain improves
reconstruction outcome more than neglecting DC.
Course: Modern Optical Testing
Date: Sunday, 23 January 2011
Time: 8:30 AM 12:30 PM
Instructor(s): James C. Wyant, The Univ. of Arizona (United States)
Hide Abstract Add to My Schedule
This course describes the basic interferometry techniques used in the evaluation
of optical components and optical systems. It discusses interferogram
interpretation, computer analysis, and phase-shifting interferometry, as well as
various commonly used wavefront-measuring interferometers. The instructor
describes specialized techniques such as testing windows and prisms in
transmission, 90-degree prisms and corner cubes, measuring index inhomogeneity,
and radius of curvature. Testing cylindrical and aspheric surfaces, determining
the absolute shape of flats and spheres, and the use of infrared interferometers
for testing ground surfaces are also discussed. The course also covers
state-of-the-art direct phase measurement interferometers.
Study on the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease with near-infrared
spectroscopy based on three-dimensional Monte Carlo modeling
Paper 7883E-114 of Conference 7883E
Date: Sunday, 23 January 2011
Time: 9:00 AM 9:20 AM
Author(s): Ching-Cheng Chuang, National Taiwan Univ. (Taiwan); Chia-Wei Sun,
National Yang-Ming Univ. (Taiwan); Chung-Ming Chen, National Taiwan Univ.
(Taiwan); Chun-Yang Wang, Yao-Sheng Hsieh, National Chiao Tung Univ. (Taiwan)
Hide Abstract Add to My Schedule
Brain atrophy is concomitant with Alzheimer's disease and other degenerative
dementias, therefore, the difference of optical properties between normal
subjects and patients, who with brain atrophy such as dementia and Alzheimer's
disease, can indicate the status of brain structure. In our study, the photon
migration in human brain of the normal, elderly and Alzheimer's subjects with
various source-detector separations are analyzed based on three-dimensional
Monte Carlo simulation. The three-dimensional brain model consists of scalp,
skull, CSF layer, gray matter, and white matter from in vivo MRI image. The
backscattered diffuse photons from each layer in brain are recorded by marking
the deepest layer for brain status analysis. The expanded CSF layer affects the
behavior of photon migration as waveguide effect thus the detected light
distribution on brain surface implies the significant difference between normal
and Alzheimer's subjects.
Near-infrared scattering imaging of depolarization waves in a rat hypoxic brain
model and its application to assessment of brain tissue reversibility
Paper 7907-22 of Conference 7907
Date: Sunday, 23 January 2011
Time: 9:10 AM 9:30 AM
Author(s): Satoko Kawauchi, Shunichi Sato, Yoichi Uozumi, Hiroshi Nawashiro,
Miya Ishihara M.D., Makoto Kikuchi M.D., National Defense Medical College
(Japan)
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We performed near-infrared scattering imaging of rat brain during hypoxia
followed by reoxygenation to examine the relationship between spatiotemporal
scattering change due to anoxic depolarization and tissue reversibility. About 2
min after starting hypoxia, scattering wave was generated focally in the
bilateral outermost regions in the cortex and spread toward the midline. When
reoxygenation was started before the scattering wave reached the middle point of
the hemisphere, the tissue was reversible. When scattering wave further spread,
reoxygenation did not save the brain. These results suggest that the coverage of
scattering wave determines the brain tissue reversibility after hypoxia.